Ways of the World: A Brief Global History Second Edition and Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition CHAPTER 22 The End of Empire: The Global South on the Global Stage 1914–Present Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Robert W. Strayer

The End of Empire in World History Americas – threw out the Europeans and created their own identity 20 th century African and Asian struggle for independence was different- wanted political independence and preserve their culture Austrian and Ottoman empires collapsed following WWI

Russian Empire became the Soviet Union WWII ended the German and Japanese empires United States influence in Latin America angered many and caused rebellions there Mexico had a revolution and nationalized the oil industry (1937) – Much of this had been owned by USA and England Cuba’s revolution

Explaining African and Asian Independence Educated Africans and Asians (elites) they wanted to break away from colonial rule and have self-rule Gandhi and Nehru in India, Sukarno in Indonesia, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, Nkrumah in Ghana, and Mandela in South Africa They had to recruit millions of ordinary citizens to join their movements

India Railroads, telegraph, postal service, newspapers and schools as well as English language bound many regions of India Indian National Congress (INC) 1885 Educated Indians – lawyers, doctors, teachers - mostly high caste families

They tried to gain some status in political, military and business life The British called them “babus” semi-literate “native” The INC had difficulty recruiting a following Post WWI – England had promised a path to self-government if India supported the war effort This commitment energized the nationalist movement

England’s attacks on the Ottoman Empire had angered Indian Muslims Influenza epidemic killed millions of Indians Series of violent British actions Mohandas Gandhi Educated – studied law in England

He rose within the ranks of the INC 1920’s and 1930’s he started to gain wide support from peasants, urban poor, intellectuals, artisans, capitalists, and socialists He sought moral transformations

Tried to raise the status of the untouchables Gandhi mobilized women and tried to elevate their position in society Gandhi rejected industrialization but his chief lieutenant Jawaharlal Nehru embraced science, technology and industry

Gandhi preached non violence A militant Hindu group preached hatred toward Muslims Some were against elevating the status of untouchables and women Different casts developed their own movements for independence

Growing divide between Muslims and Hindus Some areas of Hindu control forced their learning on Muslim children Muhammad Ali Jinnah – argued that parts of India that have a Muslim majority should have their own political status They called it Pakistan (land of the pure)

Gandhi and the INC agreed to patrician India as the British declared their intention to leave after WWII India became an independent country – 1947 Muslim Pakistan Violence developed over the split – over a million die Gandhi was assassinated – about 1 year after independence

South Africa South Africa had gained its independence from England in 1910 The African white minority ruled the black majority The majority of whites were descendants of the Boers or Afrikaners They had sought independence in a bitter war – Boer Wars

South Africa – mining in gold and diamonds and later steel, chemicals, automobile manufacturing, rubber, and heavy engineering Most blacks worked in urban industry or mines Policy of apartheid Rigid system of laws to monitor and control black movement in cities

Social segregation- blacks lived in overcrowded “native reserves” African National Congress ANC Male dominated educated, professional middle class Women denied membership until 1943 – catering and entertainment for the men

Afrikaner-led National Party – came to power 1948 with policy of apartheid 1950’s younger generation including Nelson Mandela launched nonviolent civil disobedience, boycotts, strikes, demonstrations and burning of passes (blacks required to carry) South African government responded with harsh repressions – killed 69 unarmed demonstrators and cast the leadership in prison – including Mandela

Political parties made illegal Turned movement into an armed struggle Sabotage, assassination and guerrilla warfare Violence continued and spread to urban violence by 1980

South Africa’s Black Trade Union organized a strike – 2 million workers International pressure to end apartheid Late 1980’s the South African government dropped some of its apartheid structure and Nelson Mandela was released from jail 1994 national elections – ANC to power

Experiments in Political Order: Party Army, and the Fate of Democracy As Western powers left they tried to install democratic governments Few African states lasted – replaced by dictatorships Ghana – 1966 – military coup took power away from the party that had obtained independence Economies were sometimes the driving force – as economies fell and people started they looked for a different solution

Ethnic conflict Civil war in Nigeria 1960 – millions died Rwanda 1990’s ethnic hatred led to genocide 1980’s military intervened in 30 of Africa’s 46 independent states – actively governed ½ of them and swept aside old political parties

Latin America 1960’s and 1970’s military intervention Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Dominican Republic governed by military Rapid population growth, inflation, class conflict, poverty and mass migration to slums

Cuba – revolution 1959 – Fidel Castro – communist support Many governments in Latin America faced a back lash from USA as USA helped to establish governments in Latin America friendly to us

1980’s democratic governments start to develop around the globe Spain, Portugal and Greece Collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and satellite nations also opened the door for democratic elections Most African states some form of democracy, 2000 – most of Latin America South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Iraq, and Indonesia new governments allowed more participation

Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes World economic development Slow to happen in counties that had been colonized World was split by rival super powers and economically dominated by capitalist economies

Role that state had made a difference Soviet Union industrialized under state direction China – major industrialization efforts and land reform Communist Cuba remained dependent on sugar production, wiped out illiteracy and provided health care to population – raising life expectancy to 76 years –same as USA

China abandoned some of its state goals the last decades of the 20 th century with private farming India and many Latin American countries privatized state owned industry Collapse of communism in the Soviet Union – world’s first state dominated economy Countries started toward capitalistic directions China, Russia, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Mexico India and elsewhere state owned companies sell stock – state capitalism

Latin America post Great Depression Import substitution industrialization Reduce dependence on uncertain global market Processing own raw materials, and manufacturing their own consumer goods Brazil by 1980 produced 90% of the countries consumer goods

South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore Production for foreign market Textiles, electronics, and automobiles 1960’s export driven strategy generated rapid economic growth Most of Africa and the Arab world – low income, poverty

Islam in Turkey and Iran Post WWI – Turkey was all that was left of the Ottoman Empire General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – compared to Peter the Great of Russia Sent the country on a path of transformation – secular, modern state Islam became a personal religion and not the power of the state

The Quran was translated into the vernacular Islamic courts dissolved and secular law established Women granted equal rights in divorce, child custody – 1934 gained right of suffrage Men and women alike wore western fashions After Atatürk’s death Call to prayer returned and Islam has assumed a greater political role

Iran Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Iran was a secular state that had modernized Great wealth in oil, powerful military and educated elite Solid alliance with USA

Redistributed lands Women right of Suffrage Religious leaders (ulama) were offended by secular teachings Local business threatened by western goods The government was oppressive and brutal

A Shi’ite movement Called for the Shah’s removal Ayatollah Khomeini – returned to Iran in 1979 Massive protests, strikes and defection from military Shah abdicated

The new government established Islamic Republic With elected parliament and constitution Clerics dominated by Khomeini exercised dominant power Opposition – 1,800 executions 1981 alone New government closed 200 colleges and universities while developing a new purified curriculum