1. Independence and Development in the Global South
Ch. 22
1914-Present

2. Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
See the “end” of empires post WWII
Nationalism (in a good way)
key factor
National self-determination
Belief in autonomy growing stronger
Although not always followed in practice
USSR last territorial empire
15 new nations developed

3. Independence in Africa and Asia
Colonial rule no longer necessary
2nd-3rd generation of Western educated elites
No longer need the assistance of the West to manage an industrial based country
Businesses and corporations integrated into society
Western powers did not need be in charge if they were connected economically
Save money by not paying for colonial governments

4. No independence movement would have been possible without the action of the people

5. Comparing Freedom Struggles

6. The Case of India: Ending British Rule
History of Indian culture did not create a national identity
More local, small groups, tribes, linguistic, or religious
British rule helped create an “Indian” identity
Never assimilated into Indian culture
Modernization connected more people within India

7. INC- Indian National Congress
by Western-Educated Indian elites
Not aggressive in their demands
Wanted more political power in determining what is best for India
Criticized by British for being “native” and lower caste Indians for being too “elitist”
Post WWI
British promised after war the “gradual development of self governing institutions” within India
Never happened
Tensions grow

8. Mohandas Gandhi Born in the business caste Studied law in England
Got a job in S. Africa
Witness to racism
Motivates him to take a stand
Helped in creating a unified Indian identity of Muslims and Hindus
Satyagraha (truth force)- Gandhi's confrontational but nonviolent approach toward gaining independence

9. Gandhi returns to India in 1914 and rises through the ranks of the INC
Transformed the INC into a mass organization
Tolerance for all walks of life in India
Sought to transform the moral lives of individuals
Helped in raising the status of the Untouchables while not fully disrupting the caste system
Targeted modernization as the root problem in India
Did not want to industrialize
Not all groups supported Gandhi
Many focused on other aspects
Not all could support opposing religions
Some wanted more modernity

10. India’s cultural and religious diversity makes independence difficult
See the rise of Muslim organizations
Muslims were the minority in India and feared that Hindu control of govt could lead to suppression of Muslims
The All-India Muslim League- 1906
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (leader of Muslim league )
Argued that that the Muslim dominated areas should have a separate political status
Pakistan

11. The End of British rule 1947 India gained Independence
Was divided into Pakistan and India (partition)
Pakistan – majority Muslim
India- majority Hindu
Bloody confrontations
Over 1 million dead, and 12+ million refugees
Gandhi assassinated in 1948

12. The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid

13. South Africa gained independence in 1910
Gov’t controlled by a small non-native white population
20% of population
Black African majority had no political rights
South Africa had a strong, functional, government and industrial economic system in place
Boers or Afrikaners
White political class descended from original Dutch ownership living in S. Africa
Blacks relied on white business for livelihood
Lots of Western industry and investment in the region
Black natives worked for the white owned industry

14. Apartheid – political laws separating races
ANC- African National Congress
Established in 1912, based on INC
Middle class men wanting to be accepted as civilized men
Used nonviolence for decades – unsuccessful
1950’s – begin changing direction – more aggressive in their nonviolence (boycotts, burning ID’s, etc)

15. By the 1960’s, they began to become more militant
Black consciousness developing
1964 Nelson Mandela arrested
27 yrs for role in protests
1976 Soweto Protests – hundreds killed
State of Emergency declared in 1980
Youth street violence
Internal and global pressures start to rise in the mid-late 1980’s
Agreed to open political negotiation with the ANC
1990 – Mandela released from prison
Start to see abandonment of major apartheid laws, legalization of the ANC
1994- open free elections that gave the ANC power
Nelson Mandela voted as first black African President

16. Experiments with Freedom

17. Experiments with Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India
Once colonial regions gain their independence they found themselves in a “now what?!?” situation
Seemed like it was a big experiment until they were able to find a govt system that worked
Still this today (South Sudan, Libya Syria, etc….)

18. Too little too late for Africa
Colonial powers tried at last minute to institute democratic principles into the colonies (1950s)
Tried to ease democracy in the political turnover of the country
Too weak
1970’s – democratic govts falling apart, military coups, and formation of several one- party states
Many in African become dictators or highly authoritarian
India transitioned much better
Britain gave them gradual control

19. Tribal Ethnic affiliation strong within political movts and parties
Africa and Middle Eastern cultural less adapable to western democratic government models
Tribal Ethnic affiliation strong within political movts and parties
Leads to inequalities, corruption, and violence
Even genocide (Rwanda, Darfur, etc…)
African economies never did as well as expected
Govts often corrupted by corporate wealth
Military takes larger role in Africa and Latin America
Seize power throughout 70’s-80’s
80’s-Current: Seems to be a recent resurgence of democratic desires

20. Asia and India seem to be faring well
China is world’s 2nd largest economy
India is 10th, but has a huge rising tech and medical industries
Modernization and growth of the Middle Class
Africa and Middle East are declining
Failing democracies
Civil wars
Ethnic and religious division

21. Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran

22. Muslim world in Middle East struggled to balance modernity with tradition and faith

23. Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Turkey develops a desire to modernize by becoming more “Western”
Separate Islam and politics
Difficult bc it is ingrained in culture
Sufi organizations, temples, etc were abolished
Sharia law abolished
Banned fez
attempt to create a cultural revolution
Gave more rights to women (suffrage 1934)
After Atatürk died started to revert back
Islamic Party eventual elected, rules reversed

24. By the 1960’s most of Middle East struggling
More conflict with the West
Growth of Islamic revival movts

25. Iran Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
(ruled )
modernized Iran
became a major US ally
Implements several “Westernized” reforms
Backlash from lower classes, religious leaders (ulama), immigrants, merchants
Many religious groups against Western influence and states control of several religious institutions
Shah did not tolerate opposition
Uses force
Begins punishing the religious communities

26. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Iranian Revolution
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
rises to power in 1979
Sparks cultural revolution toward traditional Islam
Opposite of Ataturk
Government described as Islamic Republic
Elected parliament
Constitution
Ruled by Islamic clerics
Ulama (led by Khomeini) has major influence
Iran becomes major industrial nation in Middle East

27. Religious leaders have the highest power
Any attack on them was seen as an attack on Allah
Impose sharia
Believed that the purpose of government was to apply sharia
Judges trained in sharia
Restructures education to fit Islamization
Women’s rights restricted
1983 – must wear hijab
Head to toe covering 
Sexual segregation in schools, parks, public trans
Legal marriage at age 9 with consent (married =no school)

28. Iran represents the Shi’ite populations
Saudi Arabia (and Iraq used to) = Sunni
Iran-Iraq War 1980
Suddam Hussein (Sunni)
Saddam invades Iran
Two opposite govts, religious sects (Sunni/Shia)
Eight year war 80-88
No defined winner
After Khomeini died, successors loosen up a bit
2005- rise of more conservative govt = more restrictions
Maintain oil wealth and use it to remain up-to- speed with the modernizing world
2014- Current = US and Iran opening relations
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action – Iran Nuclear Deal
Signed Jan. 2015