Financial Situation Debt from Wars Debt from King’s extravagance Interest payments ½ tax revenue Tax structure problems Change necessary soon

Estates General called Last called in 1614 Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy Meeting at Versailles’ palace Each Estate gets one vote May 5 th, 1789

Double the Third Third Estate won’t cooperate; knows result Meets in Tennis Court King offers two votes to Third Estate Third rejects King’s offer King closes the Estates General to the 3 rd Estate June 17 th, 1789

National Assembly June 20 th, 1789 Three Estates meet Form National Assembly All Three Estates represented Question format of Assembly

Tennis Court Oath National Assembly vows to make change Vow taken in Tennis Court Will not disband until Constitution is created

Bastille King’s Prison in downtown Paris Symbol of King’s power and control Crowds of 3 rd Estate members attack Free prisoners and gain weapons

Great Fear Rumors of violence against peasants Untrue Rumors Violence caused against Manor houses

Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen Created Natural Rights for the Citizens of France Ideas from the Enlightenment thinkers Guaranteed Certain Rights/ Natural Rights Equal Rights didn’t apply for the women Late August, 1789

Women March on Versailles In October 1789 Angry mob of women march to king’s palace in Versailles Demanded bread Demanded the King come to Paris to show support for NA King announced that he was going to Paris Angry mob follows him to Paris

Civil Constitution of the Clergy In 1790 Turns Clergy into Elected, Paid Officials of the State Tension/Gap between Church and Revolution Creates Two Churches: one loyal to State/One to Rome Pope Condemns Legislation Clergy doesn’t accept Legislation

Constitution of 1791 Created Unicameral Legislature (one house/elected officials) Not Popular with French Citizens Elected not direct democracy France remains divided Disagreements in the Legislature send the Country into turmoil

King Flees In 1792 King attempts to leave the Country Going to his wife’s homeland, Austria Caught at the border Returned to Paris under arrest

Declare war on Austria Thought Austria was going to restore Louis XVI Time: 1792 Declared war on Austria AND Prussia AND Silesia (all absolute monarchies) France: constitutional monarchy Marie Antoinette from Austria! Her brother was emperor of Austria

Section Three

Battle at Valmy September 1792 The win lifted spirits of French Revolutionaries France v Austria & Prussia Valmy located 100mi from Paris France won using Guerilla Warfare (non- professional fighting)

National Convention and the New Calendar Made up of Middle Class People (Bourgeoisie) France’s First Democratic Constitution Adopted new calendar Sept 22, 1792 is Day One of Month One of Year One Months named after Natural Things (Like Trees & Rivers!) French borders extended to Natural Borders (Like Trees & Rivers…)

Trial and Execution of the King Convicted for having conspired against the liberty of the nation January 1793 King was Beheaded by Lady Guillotine Letters of correspondents between King & foreign dignitaries were used to discredit the royal family Began Bloodthirst and Bloody Revolution

Committee of Public Safety Summer of 1793 Formed by the National Convention Adopted conscription (draft) for all men between Formed to Direct the War Effort Led by Maximilien Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins (extreme radicals who support the Sans Culottes-workers) Called the world’s first “People’s War” a war of, by and for the people of France.

Reign of Terror Lasted from July 1793 to July 1794 Jacobins set out to crush all opposition to the Revolution in all of France 40,000 were executed/ 85% of the 40,000 were commoners- 15% were nobles and clergy Most were killed using the Guillotine Jacobins made reforms Robespierre was executed and the Jacobins lost power

Constitution of 1795 Universal Male Suffrage ended (All men can vote-no tax necessary, no property). Now only men with property can vote Government under the control of the wealthy middle class Ruled with a Bicameral Legislature

The Directory Council of Five Directors (Executives) Bicameral Legislature 1795 Faced many enemies/ Used the Army Corrupt Leadership causes problems French People of all classes look to the Army to reestablish order

Section Four: Napoleon’s Empire

Overthrow of the Directory Occurs in 1799 Napoleon replaced elected officials with those who he chose himself Napoleon trying to set up dictatorship Directory was not effective: didn’t represent the citizens views, did little to resolve the growing gap between the rich and poor of France Government was on the brink of bankruptcy

Consulate Three Consuls; a form from Ancient Rome, the executive branch. Unicameral Legislature Napoleon names himself Consul for life and First Consul. This is established thru a vote by the people; a plebiscite Established a strong government which was going to take care of them not allow Terror in the streets or ineffective leadership

Crowns Himself Emperor Defeated Austria and Italy Placed Education under control of the National government 1804 Persuaded Russia to withdraw from the War French and British sign Treaty of Amiens Took the crown from the Pope and put it on his own head- not allowing any one or organization to crown him

Napoleonic Code Based on enlightenment ideas such as equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration and advancement based on merit Limited freedom of speech and press by the censorship of books, plays and pamphlets. Women lost many rights they gained during the revolution Male heads of household were given extensive rights over women and children 1802

Concordat of 1801 Acknowledges that Catholicism is the religion of most of the people but tolerates others An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope Pius VII Agreed to accept the lost of church lands and pay salaries of clergy Retained the right to name all bishops who were asked to swear allegiance to the state.

Battle of Trafalgar October 1805 British Naval Admiral Nelson ended the idea of the French invading Britain through the English Channel Off the southern coast of Spain Did not resolve the conflict between France and Britain

Continental System Napoleon ordered all European Nations he had conquered to stop trading with Great Britain Required Russia and Prussia to go along with the Blockade Believed the system would allow France to defeat Britain by economic means. Forbid British imports into European ports Led to the war of 1812 British retaliated by making all ships stop in Britain

Attack on Russia Alexander I Czar/tsar of Russia withdraws from Continental System Russians retreat to Central Russia and burn everything as they went: Scorched earth policy. This made sure that the French Army could not feed itself as it chased the Russians. May 1812, Napoleon sets out for Moscow with 600,000 and return to France with 200,000

100 Days Louis XVIII is named King in March 1814 Napoleon is exiled (kicked out/suspended) to Elba, off the coast of Italy He is rescued on March 1 st, 1815 by loyal soldiers After Napoleon return to France, gained back the power of the people and is re-named Emperor

Battle of Waterloo, Belgium Napoleon raises an army In June 1815, the French troops are defeated by a combined force of British, Dutch, Prussians and Austrians European Monarchs feared that the would regain strength and defeated him once and for all

St. Helena After losing at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled there in 1815 St. Helena is located in the South Atlantic He died there under house arrest in 1821

Section Five: Peace in Europe

Congress of Vienna Clemens Von Metternich Prince Klemens Von Metternich Believed that to establish European stability, that Europe should be restored to the way it was before the French Revolution To Achieve his goal he maintained that settlements should be guided by three principals. The Congress meets in Vienna, Austria in late 1814 to early 1815.

Restoration Reparation Balance of Power Restoration: To restore power to the Monarchies of Europe Reparation: compensation for war damage inflicted by Napoleon on the Countries of Europe Balance of Power: No country should be able to dominate the Continent of Europe These principals guide the Congress of Vienna

Buffer States Neutral territorries around France They are designed to safeguard other dynasties from France’s grasp They include Netherlands, Switzerland, 39 independent German states (German Confederation)

Reactionaries vs. Liberalism Reactionaries: People who opposed change and who want to return society to the way it was before the French Revolution Liberalism: A Political philosophy influencing the People of the 1800’s accepted the ideas of the Enlightenment and democratic reforms of the French Revolution

Alliances Alliances are the promise of one country to help another in the alliance Alliances were called Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia Concluded the alliance in 1815 France was admitted three years later Alliances were in place to prevent democratic revolution

Metternich System The Meetings of the Alliances were called the Concert of Europe and helped European countries avoid conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars Metternich achieved his political goals in opposing Liberalism and Nationalism as well as defending the Absolute Monarchies of Europe

Nationalism The idea of the people controlling their countries and not the Kings was not eliminated by the Metternich System In Germany, students rose up against the government In Spain, the Absolute Monarch was forced to accept a constitution In Greece the people won their independence from Turkey in 1829 The ideas of the French Revolution lived on!