© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 The Emergence of a Profession:

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Heritage of Physical Education, Sport, and Fitness in the U.S. Sport and activity was predominantly influenced by the early Greek and Romans “Sound mind in a sound body” was the Greek aphorism Olympic Games were considered the most important festival Development of physical education, sport, and fitness began in the 19 th Century

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Scene Before 1885 In 1791, the first swimming pool was built in Philadelphia In 1820, the first college gym was built at Harvard In 1827, the first competitive football game was played In 1831, the first textbook was published on physical education In 1839, the first teacher training school was founded in Lexington, MA

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Scene Before 1885, cont’d In 1866, the first state legislation passed in California requiring physical education in schools The Civil War was responsible for further developments in the field of sport Baseball was first played between colleges in 1859 and football followed in 1889 Tennis was introduced in 1874, followed by badminton and archery by the late 1870’s

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Scene Before 1885, cont’d In 1851, the YMCA was formed in Boston, MA In 1848, German immigrants brought the concept of the Turnverein to Cincinnati The attitudes and ideas before 1885 would later allow the full development of sport, fitness, and physical education (Lucas & Smith, 1978)

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Context For The Emergence Of A Profession Decline of religious opposition to sport and exercise Immigration Industrialization Urbanization Transportation and communication

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Context For The Emergence Of A Profession, cont’d Education Intellectual climate Those influences were crucial to the emergence of Physical Education toward the end of the century

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Battle of the Gymnastic Systems Movement of early formal exercise programs imported from Europe 1.German system 2.Swedish system 3.Beecher system 4.Dio Lewis system

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Battle of the Gymnastic Systems, cont’d Movement of early formal exercise programs imported from Europe (cont’d) 5.Hitchcock system 6.Sargent system The Boston Conference in 1889 was considered a pivotal development for American Physical Education due to the evaluation of the above methods mentioned earlier

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Emergence of Organized Sport During the late 19 th Century, development of organized sport emerged Baseball became the first national and organized sport after the Civil War Women were involved with sport expansion from the beginning Since the mid-1800’s, college sports have been part of campus life To promote standardization and fair play, rules and boundaries within intercollegiate sports were established as a compromise between students, faculty, and administrators

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The New Physical Education International Congress on Education in 1893 recognized the term “new physical education” This ended the dominant era of gymnastics and broadened the student’s curriculum goals Umbrella profession status of physical education embraced other organizations including dance, YMCA, recreation, health education, etc. By 1924, doctoral programs in physical education were offered and furthered the creation of associations that still exist today, i.e., AAHPERD

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Golden Age: Post-World War I Recognition of sports heroes in various activities Emergence of ethnic diversity in athletics Leadership goals of the new physical education curriculum covered four objectives: 1.Organic 2.Psychomotor 3.Character 4.Intellectual This concept became the “education through the physical”

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Golden Age: Post-World War I, cont’d Beginning of a science in Physical Education (research-based curriculum) Access and equity concept in physical education