1. The History of the Study of Human Movement Chapter 2

2. Sport Books Publisher2 Table of Contents Why Study the History of Human Movement? Past Influences Enduring Themes Modern European Themes Modern North American Themes

3. Sport Books Publisher3 Objectives Having a historical frame of reference is important for understanding kinesiology Describe the major historical landmarks in the evolution of the study of human movement Describe cultural attitudes and practices, individuals, and events that have most influenced the study of human movement in higher education

4. Why Study the History of Movement?

5. Sport Books Publisher5 The History of Human Movement Kinesiology students can: gain a historical frame of reference understand the impact of early events on current affairs predict future trends

6. Past Influences on the Study of Human Movement in Higher Education

7. Sport Books Publisher7 Early Influences Movements were culturally specific Physical abilities were used to engage in useful activities: gathering of food hunting necessary physical labor for survival

8. Sport Books Publisher8 Early Influences New activities begin to emerge: hunting and fighting become complex now require training and preparation rhythmic movement at festivals communal dances trials of strength and combative ability

9. Sport Books Publisher9 Early Influences Simple forms of sporting contests in pastoral and agricultural societies: running races wrestling boxing shooting contests fencing with various weapons jumping throwing swimming rowing riding animals chariot racing various ball games

10. Sport Books Publisher10 The Greek Influence 6 th to 9 th century B.C.: daily activities balanced sport played large role in everyday life By the 9 th century: physical activities extended beyond battle gymnasiums and wrestling schools built

11. Sport Books Publisher11 The Greek Influence Early 6 th century B.C.: Panhellenic games established the Isthmian, the Pythian, the Nemean games also held at the religious sanctuary of Olympia register dates back to 776 B.C.

12. Sport Books Publisher12 The Greek Influence Athletic emphasis at games: foot racing the pentathlon jumping discus javelin a one-stage foot race wrestling heavy events boxing wrestling pankration combined wrestling and boxing chariot racing

13. Sport Books Publisher13 The Greek Influence All games featured balance between athletics, music, poetry, and drama Fostered political democracy citizen athletes could improve their upward mobility Competitive activity accompanied by rhythm and harmony of music and dance

14. Sport Books Publisher14 The Roman Age Emphasis on the physical centered on strength and hardiness Roman emperors promoted games and festivals purpose was to occupy and appease Roman subjects often brutal, spectator-oriented