Chapter 20 The Atlantic World Section 1

Let’s Recap! Last chapter: we learned about explorers from Portugal and Spain – They wanted to find a sea route to India/Asia – Portugal = went around Africa – Spain = went across the Atlantic… This chapter: Spain settles in the W. Hemisphere – Spain’s exploring all started with…………………….

Christopher Columbus! (NC) Who: Spanish Explorer What: first explorer for Spain; he discovered the Caribbean & led voyages to the new world for Spain Where: Spain, Caribbean When: 1492 Why: his discovery of the Caribbean led to opening the Americas/West. Hemisphere for exploration and settling colonies in the Americas

After Columbus, others followed and went to the Americas for 3 reasons: – God – Glory – Gold They conquered local people They settled colonies – brought their people to live in the New World Those explorers were called………………………

Conquistadors (NC) Who: Spanish explorers What: Spanish explorers that conquered the Americas looking for gold and silver Where: Spain, Mexico, the Americas When: 1500s Why: these conquerors destroyed the ancient American empires/tribes and brought European power to the Americas

1. Hernando Cortes (NC) Who: Spanish explorer/conquistador What: Conquistador that settled in Mexico & conquered the Aztecs Where: Spain, Mexico When: 1520 Why: was able to conquer the Aztecs (the great MesoAmerican empire) because the Spanish had better weapons, diseases, & help of local groups

2. Francisco Pizarro Who: Spanish explorer/conquistador What: he conquered Peru and destroyed the Incan Empire Where: Spain, Peru When: 1532 Why: he killed Atahualpa (the Incan leader), destroyed the Incan Empire, and created a Spanish Empire in South America.

Atahualpa Who: Incan ruler What: took over Incan Empire from his brother after a civil war, resisted Christianity when the Spanish came Where: Peru When: 1532 Why: he was conquered, tortured, & killed by Pizarro (Spanish)= Incans were destroyed = Spanish created a colonial empire in the Americas

Spain’s pattern of conquest They lived among the native people: married them & had babies… (Mestizo) BUT they oppressed & exploited them for work & resources (Encomienda)

Mestizo (NC) Who: person of European & Native Am. descent What: children of 1 Spanish parent, 1 Native Where: Mesoamerica, Spanish Colonial America When: 1500s-1600s Why: these were a low class in colonial society & had no rights but were above slaves

Encomienda (NC) Who: Spanish What: a system of forced labor that the Spanish Europeans enslaved the natives Where: Mesamerica When: 1500s-1600s Why: this system oppressed the natives & eventually was abolished; the abolishment of this system led to an increase in the use of African slaves = slave trade boomed

European Nations Settle North America Section 2

Portugal = went around Africa to get to Asia; claimed Brazil Spain = went around South America to get to Asia; claimed South America & Mexico French, English, & Dutch = looked in North America (Northwest Passage) – Didn’t find it…. – Settled colonies instead…

1. France Important settlers: – Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River & Montreal – Samuel de Champlain – founded Quebec – became “New France” Settled Canada Reasons: – To convert Native Americans to Catholic – Young, single men wanted $$ (Fur trade) – Didn’t want to settle, build towns, or raise families

New France (NC) Who: French What: France’s colonial empire in North America Where: Quebec, Canada When: 1608 Why: the French went for $$ with fur trade- they took over Canada -> Canada is largely French & Catholic today

2. England Not single explorers but company of investors Reasons: – Gold (Virginia – Jamestown) – Freedom of religion (Plymouth, Mass.- 2 groups)

Jamestown (NC) Who: London company of investors, What: first settlement in North America Where: Virginia When: 1606 Why: settlement was destroyed because the founders wanted to find gold & didn’t plant crops -> found tobacco & eventually learned -> it became the first permanent settlement in North America

Second colony: Plymouth, Massachusetts There were 2 groups in Mass… – Pilgrims – Puritans

Pilgrims Who: religiously persecuted English What: colonists that sought religious freedom in the new world Where: England; Plymouth, Mass. When: 1620 Why: founded the 2 nd colony in the new world; famous for the Thanksgiving with the Native Americans we celebrate today

Puritans (NC) Who: religiously persecuted English What: They fled England to avoid religious persecution & created a model colony for others to follow Where: England, Massachusetts When: 1630 Why: They created a successful colony because many families traveled & helped it grow; this was where the Salem Witch Trials were

3. Dutch (from the Netherlands) Funded by a company of investors (not funded by the King)– made the Dutch West India Company Reasons: Fur trade Henry Hudson – main explorer – Found 3 waterways in North America (near Canada) : Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait Land claims: what is today Albany, New York

New Netherland (NC) Who: Dutch, Henry Hudson What: the colonies owned by the Dutch in the new world Where: Fort Orange (Albany, New York) When: 1621 Why: this colony slowly profited from the Fur trade & they opened themselves to colonists from other countries

French & Indian War Who: British vs, French What: a war b/n British & French over colonial territories in the new world; known as the “Seven Years War” in Europe Where: Americas & Europe When: Why: spread to Europe, India, & Africa; The British won Canada from France= they own it today; Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war = ensured British dominance of North America

The Atlantic Slave Trade Section 3

Europeans go to the New World for resources (Fur, tobacco, Sugar, Cotton, etc) They don’t want to do the work, so they need someone to do it to make $$$ So… SLAVES!!

Causes of slavery African rulers: slavery had existed for centuries & was justified b.c. slaves were prisoners of war; Rulers sold their Africans as slaves to the Europeans African Merchants: Merchants sell things to make $$$- the demand was African slaves so the merchants sold the slaves for a profit

European colonization of Americas: natives were dying left & right- they needed labor… Africans were immune to the diseases, could farm, were less likely to escape, & their skin made it easier to catch them Portuguese settlement of Brazil: Brazil’s crop was sugar and they needed a lot of cheap labor to get it-- slaves

African Slave Trade Who: Africans, Europeans What: the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas as slaves Where: Africa, the Americas When: Why: by the time the slave trade ended 9.5 million Africans had been transported to the Americas

Triangular Trade Who: Europeans, Africans What: transatlantic trading route with 3 routes transporting ‘goods’ back and forth Where: Africa, Europe, America When: Why: 3 routes: – 1) Europeans took manufactured goods to Africa- gave the goods in exchange for slaves; – 2) Europeans took the slaves to Americas, dropped off slaves & picked up raw materials – 3) Europeans took the raw materials to England to make manufactured goods to then sell

Middle Passage

African slaves The voyage that brought captured Africans to the Americas (route 2 on Triangular trade) Why: Brutal voyage- 20% perished during it; those that survived were sold into slavery in the Americas

Consequences of the Slave Trade African societies: devastating!! – lost generations of the fittest members – families were torn apart, & – introduced guns to their societies Enslaved Africans: – contributed greatly to the economic & cultural development of the Americas with their labor & knowledge of farming – Their culture influenced American societies

American colonies: – they were able to survive off the raw materials the Africans grew to then sell to the Europeans Present-day American cultures: – A substantial African-American population & mixed race population – Slaves’ culture (music, art, religion) influenced American culture

The Columbian Exchange & Global trade Section 4

Colonization of the Americas resulted in the exchange of new items around the world – (like the triangular trade but this is focused on goods rather than slaves) – This exchange is called………………….

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange (NC) Who: Europeans, Asians, Africans, Americans What: the global transfer of foods, plants, animals during the colonization of the Americas Where: Europe, Africa, Americas When: Why: this transfer of goods introduced items never seen before (tomatoes, pineapples, tobacco, turkey, pumpkin, corn, potatoes etc) & brought new food sources & diseases to all over the world

This trading system led to people getting rich… = the rich ppl. Invested their $$$ in more colonizing & trading goods = they formed companies focused on the trade of goods = this led to the creation of a new economic system, called………………….

Capitalism Who: Europeans What: an economic system based on private ownership & investment of $$$ for a profit Where: Europe When: 1600s - now Why: – Governments no longer controlled business & weren’t the only wealthy ones- – = businesses run by people & companies across Europe grew & flourished; – This is how we are today

With Capitalism (the new economic system) new types of companies formed.. = instead of gov’ts controlling everything, people & companies did… These companies were called……………..

Joint-Stock Companies (NC) Who: European investors & business men What: a company where businessmen bought stocks in a company- this combined wealth of many rich people = the company Where: Europe When: 1600s Why: – They funded voyages to the new world to est. colonies- if the colony succeeded, the investor made a lotta $$; if the colony failed, the investor didn’t make money – Today’s Stock market comes from this idea

Capitalism- New Economic system Joint-Stock Company – capitalist companies = all this led to a new economic policy for the European nations: Mercantilism

Mercantilism (NC) Who: European governments What: a new economic policy that said that a country’s power depended on wealth (not land anymore) Where: Europe When: s Why: b.c. of this new policy, the goal of every nation was to get the most wealth (not as much land) – The more colonies a country had = the more goods produced = the more wealth – = European countries raced to get as many colonies as possible