Tool Identification

WRENCHES Wrenches are the most used hand tool by service technicians. Most wrenches are constructed of forged alloy steel, usually chrome-vanadium steel. FIGURE 4-1 A forged wrench after it has been forged but before the flashing; extra material around the wrench has been removed.

WRENCHES Open-End Wrench An open-end wrench is usually used to loosen or tighten bolts or nuts that do not require a lot of torque. An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end. FIGURE 4-2 A typical open-end wrench.The size is different on each end.Notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at each end.

WRENCHES Open-End Wrench An open-end wrench is usually used to loosen or tighten bolts or nuts that do not require a lot of torque. An open-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end. FIGURE 4-2 A typical open-end wrench.The size is different on each end.Notice that the head is angled 15 degrees at each end.

97. Open End Wrench 5

97. Open End Wrench Turning square head nuts and bolts 6

WRENCHES Box-End Wrench A box-end wrench has two different sizes; one at each end. FIGURE 4-4 The end of a box-end wrench is angled 15 degrees to allow clearance for nearby objects or other fasteners.

WRENCHES Box-End Wrench Most service technicians purchase combination wrenches, which have the open end at one end and the same size box end on the other end. FIGURE 4-5 A combination wrench has an open end at one end and a box end at the other end.

11. Box End Wrench 9

11. Box End Wrench Turning hex head nuts and bolts. One end of the combination wrench is like the boxend wrench. 10

29. Combination Wrench 11

29. Combination Wrench Turing hex and square nuts and bolts 12

WRENCHES Adjustable Wrench An adjustable wrench is often used where the exact size wrench is not available or when a large nut, such as a wheel spindle nut, needs to be rotated but not tightened. FIGURE 4-6 An adjustable wrench. Adjustable wrenches are sized by the overall length of the wrench and not by how far the jaws open. Common sizes of adjustable wrenches include 8, 10, and 12 inch.

1. Adjustable Wrench 14

1. Adjustable Wrench Turning various size nuts and bolts 15

2. Allen Wrench 16

2. Allen Wrench Turning hex head socket screws 17

RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS A socket fits over the fastener and grips the points and/or flats of the bolt or nut. The socket is rotated (driven) using either a long bar called a breaker bar (flex handle) or a ratchet.

RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 4-9 A typical flex handle used to rotate a socket, also called a breaker bar because it usually has a longer handle than a ratchet and, therefore, can be used to apply more torque to a fastener than a ratchet. FIGURE 4-8 A typical ratchet used to rotate a socket. A ratchet makes a ratcheting noise when it is being rotated in the opposite direction from loosening or tightening. A knob or lever on the ratchet allows the user to switch directions.

RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS Sockets are available in various drive sizes, including 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch sizes for most automotive use. FIGURE 4-10 The most commonly used socket drive sizes include 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, and 1/2-inch drive.

RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS FIGURE 4-11 A 6-point socket fits the head of the bolt or nut on all sides. A 12-point socket can round off the head of a bolt or nut if a lot of force is applied.

123. Regular Socket 22

123. Regular Socket General purpose socket for turning nuts and bolts

124. Reversible Ratchet 24

124. Reversible Ratchet Reverse rotation of socket turning 25

RATCHETS, SOCKETS, AND EXTENSIONS Safe Use of Sockets and Ratchets Always use the proper size socket that correctly fits the bolt or nut. All sockets and ratchets should be cleaned after use before being placed back into the toolbox. FIGURE 4-16 Deep sockets allow access to the nut that has a stud plus other locations needing great depth, such as spark plugs.

39. Deep Socket 27

39. Deep Socket Turning nuts and bolts in depressed areas 28

51. Extension 29

51. Extension Extends reach of socket 30

SCREWDRIVERS Many smaller fasteners are removed and installed by using a screwdriver. The most commonly used screwdriver is called a flat tip or straight blade. FIGURE 4-17 A flat-tip (straight blade) screwdriver. The width of the blade should match the width of the slot in the fastener being loosened or tightened.

139. Slotted Screwdriver 32

139. Slotted Screwdriver Turning slotted screws 33

98. Phillips Screwdriver 34

98. Phillips Screwdriver Turning phillips head screws 35

SCREWDRIVERS Offset Screwdrivers An offset screwdriver is bent at the ends and is used similar to a wrench. FIGURE 4-19 An offset screwdriver is used to install or remove fasteners that do not have enough space above to use a conventional screwdriver.

SCREWDRIVERS Impact Screwdriver An impact screwdriver is used to break loose or tighten a screw. A hammer is used to strike the end after the screwdriver holder is placed in the head of the screw and rotated in the desired direction. FIGURE 4-20 An impact screwdriver used to remove slotted or Phillips head fasteners that cannot be broken loose using a standard screwdriver.

HAMMERS AND MALLETS Hammers and mallets are used to force objects together or apart. The shape of the back part of the hammer head (called the peen) usually determines the name. FIGURE 4-21 A typical ball-peen hammer.

4. Ball Pein Hammer 39

4. Ball Pein Hammer Hammering metal 40

92. Nail Hammer 41

92. Nail Hammer Driving nails 42

HAMMERS AND MALLETS Mallets Mallets are a type of hammer with a large striking surface, which allows the technician to exert force over a larger area than a hammer, so as not to harm the part or component. FIGURE 4-22 A rubber mallet used to deliver a force to an object without harming the surface.

185. Wood Mallet 44

185. Wood Mallet Driving non-metallic objects 45

130. Rubber Mallet 46

130. Rubber Mallet Hammering to avoid marring surface 47

HAMMERS AND MALLETS Mallets FIGURE 4-23 A dead-blow hammer that was left outside in freezing weather. The plastic covering was damaged, which destroyed this hammer. The lead shot is encased in the metal housing and then covered.

PLIERS Slip-Joint Pliers Pliers are capable of holding, twisting, bending, and cutting objects and are an extremely useful classification of tools. FIGURE 4-24 Typical slip-joint pliers, which are also common household pliers. The slip joint allows the jaws to be opened to two different settings.

138. Slip Joint Pliers 50

138. Slip Joint Pliers Adjust for holding various size materials 51

PLIERS Multigroove Adjustable Pliers For gripping larger objects, a set of multigroove adjustable pliers is a commonly used tool of choice by many service technicians. FIGURE 4-25 Multigroove adjustable pliers are known by many names, including the trade name “Channel Locks.”

66. Groove Joint Pliers 53

PLIERS Linesman’s Pliers FIGURE 4-26 A linesman’s pliers are very useful because they can help perform many automotive service jobs.

136. Side Cutting Pliers 55

136. Side Cutting Pliers Holding and/or cutting wire 56

PLIERS Diagonal Pliers Diagonal pliers are designed for cutting only. The cutting jaws are set at an angle to make it easier to cut wires. FIGURE 4-27 Diagonal-cut pliers are another common tool that has many names.

41. Diagonal Cutting Pliers 58

41. Diagonal Cutting Pliers Surface and diagonal wire cutting 59

PLIERS Needle-Nose Pliers Needle-nose pliers are designed to grip small objects or objects in tight locations. Needle-nose pliers have long, pointed jaws, which allow the tips to reach into narrow openings or groups of small objects. FIGURE 4-28 Needle-nose pliers are used where there is limited access to a wire or pin that needs to be installed or removed.

82. Long Nose Pliers 61

82. Long Nose Pliers Reaching into recessed areas 62

PLIERS Locking Pliers Locking pliers are adjustable pliers that can be locked to hold objects from moving. FIGURE 4-29 Locking pliers are best known by their trade name Vise Grips®.

174. Vise Grip Pliers 64

174. Vise Grip Pliers For extra firm gripping 65

CUTTERS Utility Knife A utility knife uses a replaceable blade and is used to cut a variety of materials such as carpet, plastic, wood, and paper products, such as cardboard. FIGURE 4-33 A utility knife uses replaceable blades and is used to cut carpet and other materials.

HACKSAWS A hacksaw is used to cut metals, such as steel, aluminum, brass, or copper. The cutting blade of a hacksaw is replaceable and the sharpness and number of teeth can be varied to meet the needs of the job. FIGURE 4-41 A typical hacksaw that is used to cut metal. If cutting sheet metal or thin objects, a blade with more teeth should be used.

67. Hack Saw 68

67. Hack Saw Sawing metal 69

155. Tape Rule 71

155. Tape Rule Straight or curved measuring 72

87. Mason Level 73

87. Mason Level Leveling and plumbing masonry material 74

81. Line Level 75

Use with a string 81. Line Level Leveling between long distance points 76

28. Combination Square 77

28. Combination Square Determining 45 and 90 degree angles 78

169. Try Square 79

169. Try Square 90 degree square 80

60. Framing Square 81

60. Framing Square Squaring cut corners and laying out stairs and rafters 82

30. Common Nail 84

30. Common Nail Nailing boards together when holding power is desired 85

56. Finishing Nail 86

56. Finishing Nail Nailing boards where head will not be noticed 87

89. Masonry Nail 88

89. Masonry Nail Nailing to concrete, brick or block 89

54. Fence Staple For nailing up fence 90

54. Fence Staple For nailing up fence 91

18. Carriage bolt 92

18. Carriage bolt Bolting wood to wood or wood to metal 93

52. Eye Bolt 94

52. Eye Bolt Bolt used to attach wire onto 95

58. Flathead Stove Bolt 96

58. Flathead Stove Bolt Fastening wood to metal/metal to metal with wrench leaving a flat surface 97

59. Flathead Wood Screw 98

59. Flathead Wood Screw Fastening wood to wood where a flat surface is required 99

79. Lag Screw 100

79. Lag Screw Screw used when great pressure to turn is applied 101

84. Machine Bolt 102

84. Machine Bolt Fastening metal to metal with a wrench 103

127. Roundhead Stove Bolt 104

127. Roundhead Stove Bolt Fastening wood or metal to metal with a screwdriver or wrench 105

128. Roundhead Wood Screw 106

128. Roundhead Wood Screw Fastening wood to wood 107

135. Sheet Metal Screw 108

135. Sheet Metal Screw Joining two pieces of sheet metal 109

36. Cordless drill 110

36. Cordless drill Drilling holes with a tool that uses a battery pack 111

91. Miter Box 112

91. Miter Box Cutting angles 113

115. Portable Circular Saw 114

115. Portable Circular Saw Sawing wood in construction projects 115

116. Portable Electric Drill

116. Portable Electric Drill Drilling holes with an external power supply 117

117. Portable Jig Saw 118

117. Portable Jig Saw Making irregular cuts 119

94. Nailing Gun 120

94. Nailing Gun Rapid nailing using air, gas, or electricity 121

118. Portable Electric Sander 122

118. Portable Electric Sander Power tool used for smoothing surface 123

129. Router 124

129. Router Making edges or designs in wooden surfaces 125

88. Masonry Bit 126

88. Masonry Bit Boring a hole in concrete, brick or block 127

147. Speed Bore Bit 128

147. Speed Bore Bit Wood boring bit for electric drill 129

149. Straight Shank Drill Bit 130

25. Circular Carbide Saw Blade Blade used on portable electric saw 131

25. Circular Carbide Saw Blade 132

22. Chalk Line Reel 133

Contains chalk and string 22. Chalk Line Reel Marking straight lines Contains chalk and string 134

17. C Clamps 135

17. C Clamps Clamping two or more pieces of metal together 136

5. Bar Clamp 137

5. Bar Clamp 138