1 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1 Building Types and Components

2 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre AIM To provide students with a basic understanding of building design and the principal components.

3 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre At the end of the session students will be able to: State the commonly used construction materials and types. State the commonly used construction materials and types. Identify types of doors and windows commonly used. Identify types of doors and windows commonly used. List the principal components of a staircase. List the principal components of a staircase. List the types of roof commonly found. List the types of roof commonly found. LEARNING OUTCOMES

4 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS Brick Brick Block Block Stone Stone Concrete Concrete Timber Timber Metal Metal

5 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre BUILDING BOARDS Fibre Fibre Plaster Plaster Asbestos Asbestos Plywood Plywood Block Block Plastic Plastic

6 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre TYPES OF BUILDINGS Solid or ‘traditional’ construction Solid or ‘traditional’ construction Structural steel frame construction Structural steel frame construction Reinforced concrete construction Reinforced concrete construction Modular system construction Modular system construction Portal frame construction Portal frame construction Composite construction. Composite construction.

7 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SOLID CONSTRUCTION Solid load bearing walls Solid load bearing walls Set back at upper floors Set back at upper floors Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone Cast iron columns Cast iron columns Cast iron or timber beams Cast iron or timber beams Warehouses, mills, factories and offices. Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.

8 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

9 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STRUCTURAL STEEL High number of design options High number of design options Skeletal framework often complex Skeletal framework often complex Loads carried by beams Loads carried by beams Structure is covered by cladding Structure is covered by cladding Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices. Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.

10 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STRUCTURAL STEEL Stanchions Main beams Roof spans between main beams Tie Beam Floor spans between main beams Secondary beam

11 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETE Alternative to steel frame Alternative to steel frame Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure Two common methods of construction. Two common methods of construction.

12 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETE(1) Pre cast reinforced concrete frame Pre cast reinforced concrete frame Factory produced frame components Factory produced frame components Transported for assembly on site Transported for assembly on site Similar techniques to steel frame. Similar techniques to steel frame.

13 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REINFORCED CONCRETE(2) Composite construction Composite construction Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns. ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.

14 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Gable columns Concrete Spine beam Steel Spine beam. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

15 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre MODULAR STRUCTURES Pre fabricated components Pre fabricated components High design flexibility High design flexibility Specially designed connectors Specially designed connectors Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection. Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.

16 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre MODULAR BUILDING

17 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR

18 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Concrete ribs R.C. edge beam Concrete topping Hollow clay floor blocks Filler tiles Rib reinforcement Reinforcement Voids Ceiling finish HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORING

19 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre Typical hollow floor unit details Internal support Void Floor finish Cement/sand screed Grouted joints Floor finish Cement/sand screed Typical channel section floor unit details HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK

20 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB

21 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS TYPES OF DOOR Hinged Hinged Swing Swing Revolving Revolving Sliding Sliding Folding Folding Cantilever Cantilever Roller shutter Roller shutter

22 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre HINGED DOORS Most commonly found type Most commonly found type All close against a rebate on the door jamb All close against a rebate on the door jamb Four commonly found types Four commonly found types Flush Flush Panelled Panelled Ledged Ledged Metal Metal

23 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SWING DOORS Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction Door jamb not fitted with a rebate Door jamb not fitted with a rebate Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels. Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.

24 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre REVOLVING DOORS Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’ Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’ Designed to be collapsed down Designed to be collapsed down Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door. Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.

25 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SLIDING DOORS Solid or lattice construction Solid or lattice construction Widely used in commercial buildings Widely used in commercial buildings Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft. Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.

26 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre FOLDING DOORS Usually lightweight construction Usually lightweight construction Similar in design to hinged doors Similar in design to hinged doors Two or more leaves hinged together Two or more leaves hinged together Whole door opens to one side only Whole door opens to one side only Often used to separate two rooms. Often used to separate two rooms.

27 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CANTILEVER DOORS Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards Lies horizontal when open Lies horizontal when open Generally fits flush to the opening when closed Generally fits flush to the opening when closed Usually found on garages. Usually found on garages.

28 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre ROLLER SHUTTERS Nearly always made of steel Nearly always made of steel Small examples can be raised by hand Small examples can be raised by hand Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block Usually found on commercial premises. Usually found on commercial premises.

29 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre FIRE DOORS A standard fire door will: Serve to contain the outbreak of fire Serve to contain the outbreak of fire Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the building Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the building A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the fire A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the fire

30 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre WINDOWS Allow natural light into a building Allow natural light into a building Serve to provide ventilation to rooms Serve to provide ventilation to rooms Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening Casement Casement Sash Sash

31 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CASEMENT WINDOWS The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement. When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.

32 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre DEADLIGHT FRAME VENTLIGHT TRANSOM. CASEMENT

33 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SASH WINDOWS Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround Partially inside and outside of opening when open. Partially inside and outside of opening when open.

34 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre SASH WINDOWS Sliding sash windows Sliding sash windows Slide verticallySlide vertically Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frameDouble hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontallyAnother type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontally

35 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre

36 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STAIRS AND ROOFS

37 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre STAIRS Common materials Common materials Wood Wood Stone Stone Pre cast concrete Pre cast concrete Steel Steel Composite Composite

38 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training CentreSTAIRS TREAD RISER BEARER NOSING STRING CAPPING

39 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCH LINE RUN GOING RISE SPANDREL NEWEL POST HEADROOM BANNISTERSTAIRS

40 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre ROOF DESIGN Flat roofs Flat roofs Pitched roofs Pitched roofs –Mansard –Trussed –Portal or ridge-framed

41 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCHED ROOFS

42 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre PITCHED ROOFS

43 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre CONFIRMATION Learning Outcomes State the most commonly used construction materials and types State the most commonly used construction materials and types Identify types of doors and windows commonly used Identify types of doors and windows commonly used List the principal components of a staircase List the principal components of a staircase List the types of roof commonly found. List the types of roof commonly found. Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note

44 Lincolnshire Fire and Rescue’s Training Centre THE END