1. Building Construction
BY :-
PATEL KETUL K ER.NO.:
PATEL MEET G
PATEL PRANIT D
PATEL RAJ S

2. DOORS
Doors may be defined as an openable barrier secured in a wall opening. It is provided to give an access to inside of a room.
It consists of two parts:-
Door frame
Door shutter

3. WINDOW
A WINDOW is also a vented barrier secured in a wall opening. The function of the window is to admit light and air to the building and to give a view to the outside.
WINDOW consists of two parts:-
Window frame
Window shutter

4. SOME TECHNICAL TERMS
FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an enclosure,to which the shutters are fixed
SHUTERS:-These are the openable parts of a door or window.
HEAD:-This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame

5. SILL:-This is the lowest or bottom horizontal part of a window frame, not provided in door frames.
HORN:- These are the horizontal projections of a frame..
REBATE :- It is the depression or recess made inside the door frame to receive the door shutter.

6. LOCATION OF DOORS & WINDOWS
The number of should be kept minimum
The location of door & window should meet functional requirements of the room.
The door should not be kept in the centre of the wall.
The window should be located in opposite wall, facing a door or another window, to achieve cross ventilation.
From the point of view of fresh air, a window should be located on the northern side of of a room.
The sill should be located about 70 t0 80 cm about floor level of the room.

7. TYPES OF DOORS Types of doors mainly classified on the basis of-
Arrangement of components
Method or menner of construction
Working operations
Metal doors

8. On the basis of arrangement of components:-
This includes four types:-
Battened & ledged doors
Battened, ledged and braced doors
Battened, ledged and framed doors
Battened, ledged,braced and framed doors

9. Battened & ledged doors
These doors consist of vertical boards called battens which are nailed or screwed to the horizontal members, called ledges . Often the battens are a-bout 15 to 18 cm wide and 2 to 3 cm thick. Doors made with narrow battens like these have a better appearance.

10. Battened, ledged and braced doors
This is a ledged and battened door to which braces have been added to prevent sagging. These braces must slope upwards from the hinge edge of the door, and they are housed with a skew notch into the ledges.

11. Battened, Ledged & Framed Doors
It is improved version of battened and ledged doors with provision of frame. Two vertical members known as styles are provided

12. Battened, Ledged , Braced & Framed Doors
Same as above with extra braces.

13. Framed & Panelled Door
These doors consist of a frame made up of stiles (a), a top rail (b), a bottom rail (c) and sometimes an intermediate rail (d). into this framework a plywood panel (e) is fitted. This panel may fit into a groove or a rebate.

14. Glazed or Sash Doors
These are provided where the visibility of the interior of the room is required.

15. Flush Doors
The flush door with a framed core is a type of door that we frequently make in Rural Building. This door consists of a frame which has stiles, top and bottom rails, and narrow intermediate rails. It is covered on each side by a sheet of plywood Plywood-covered flush doors cannot be used where they will be exposed to rain and sun.

16. Louvered Doors
These permit free ventilation through them and at the same time maintain the privacy of the room.

17. Wire gauged doors
Wire gauge or fly proof door shutters are fixed to provide free air circulation and prevent mosquitoes, flies, insects etc. from entering into the building.

18. Revolving Doors
These are provided only at public places to provide entrance to one and exit to the other person.

19. Sliding Doors
A sliding door is a type of door which opens horizontally by sliding, whereby the door is either mounted on or suspended from a track

20. Swing Doors
A door that swings on a double hinge; opens in either direction

21. Collapsible Steel Doors
Mainly provided in godowns, workshop, public windows and etc.

22. Rolling Steel Shutter Door
A roller shutter, roller door or sectional overhead door is a type of door or window shutter consisting of many horizontal slat hinged together. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it. On large doors, the action may be motorized. It provides protection against wind and rain.

23. Mild Steel Sheet Door
Mainly provided in godowns, workshop, public windows and etc. It is quite strong.

24. Corrugated Steel Doors
Exactly same as the above type, except that corrugated steel sheets are welded to shutter frame instead of MI sheets.

25. Hollow Metal Doors
Appearance as wooden door but have more strength.

26. Metal Covered Plywood Door
These are composite doors of plywood and mild steel and are reasonably fire proof.

27. Windows A window is comprised of two parts:- Window Frame
Sashes or Shutter Frame

28. Fixed windows
A window that cannot be opened, whose function is limited to allowing light to enter. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible through fixed windows

29. Pivoted Window
A window having a section which is pivoted near the center so that the top of the section swings in and the bottom swings out.

30. Double hung windows
A window with two parts that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size.

31. Sliding Windows
Their shutters move either horizontally or vertically.

32. Casement Window
A casement window to its frame by one or more hinges.. They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame.

33. Sash Window
A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels or "sashes" that form a frame to hold panes of glass, which are often separated from other panes (or "lights") by narrow muntins

34. Louvred Window
A louver is a window, blind with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain, direct sunshine, and noise. The angle of the slats may be adjustable, usually in blinds and windows, or fixed.

35. Metal Windows
Metal windows, made up of mild steel having lesser cost and more strength.

36. Bay Window
A multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.

37. Clere Storey Window
These are provided in a room which has greater ceiling height than the surrounding rooms

38. Corner Window
This type of window has two faces in perpendicular directions and these are provided in the corner of room.

39. Dormer window
Dormer window is a window provided on the sloping roof as shown in fig.

40. Gable Window
It is a vertical window provided in the gable end of a pitched roof.

41. Lantern Window
Such windows are provided over the flat roof, to provide more light and air to the inner room. The windows project above the roof level.

42. Ventilators
Ventilators are small windows, fixed at a greater height than the window, generally about 30 t0 50 cm below roof level.

43. INSTALLING DOOR FRAMES
Frames which are improperly built-in can cause problems later, when the plastering is done or the doors are hung. Therefore we must give special attention to setting the frames properly.
A door frame should be fixed in such a way that the door can open flat to the wall. Otherwise, the door will form a lever to the frame, and the hinges will be forced out when the door swings wide open suddenly.
Door frames can be fixed in position either during the masonry construction or after the walling has been completed.

44. INSTALLING WINDOW FRAMES
Installing window frames is similar to installing door frames (see Door Frames section). A window frame should be fixed in such a way that the casement can open flat to the wall, otherwise the casement will forui a lever with the edge of the wall. This can cause the hinges to be forced out when the window is blown open by the wind.
Window frames can be installed either during the construction of the walls, or after the walling has been completed.