23 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 QUIT 23 CHAPTER The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Chapter Overview Time Line MAP SECTION 1 Revolution Threatens the French King SECTION 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror SECTION 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses GRAPH SECTION 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes Visual Summary

23 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 HOME 23 CHAPTER The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Chapter Overview Revolution leads to the overthrow and execution of the French king. After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and of most of Europe. Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace.

23 The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 HOME Time Line 1789 CHAPTER The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 Time Line 1789 Storming of the Bastille ignites the French Revolution. 1796 Napoleon defeats France’s enemy, Austria. 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor. 1789 1815 1793 King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine. 1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory through a coup d´état. 1815 Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo; the Congress of Vienna creates five great powers in Europe.

Revolution Threatens the French King HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Key Idea Members of the Third Estate demand a more representative government. The fall of the Bastille and the king’s removal from Versailles signal the beginning of the French Revolution. Overview Assessment

Revolution Threatens the French King HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Old Regime • estate • Louis XVI • Marie Antoinette • Estates-General • National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath • Great Fear MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution. Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. Assessment

poor harvest & high bread prices HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the French Revolution. Causes of Revolution desire for privileges gap between rich & poor heavy taxes Enlightenment ideas poor leadership government debt poor harvest & high bread prices continued . . .

Revolution Threatens the French King HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Section 1 Assessment 2. Do you think that changes in the French government were inevitable? THINK ABOUT • the leadership of Louis XVI • the French national debt • Enlightenment ideas • other world revolutions ANSWER • Changes were inevitable because conditions were bad and new ideas were powerful. Possible Responses: • The situation in France could have been solved with better leadership, better communication, and a sharing of privileges and power. continued . . .

Revolution Threatens the French King HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP Section 1 Assessment 3. How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions? THINK ABOUT • France’s three estates • the role of taxation • France’s national debt • conditions in England before the Civil War • conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution ANSWER continued . . .

Revolution Threatens the French King HOME 1 Revolution Threatens the French King MAP SIMILARITIES: unfair taxes and class system Possible Responses: DIFFERENCES: Most American colonists were better off financially than French peasants; the colonists were not laboring to support a feudal nobility. End of Section 1

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror HOME 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Key Idea The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal divisions. The king is executed, and Robespierre inaugurates the Reign of Terror. A third constitution puts power in the hands of the upper middle class. Overview Assessment

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror HOME 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror TERMS & NAMES Overview • Declaration of the • Legislative Assembly • émigrés • sans-culottes • guillotine • Maximilien Robespierre • Committee of Public • Reign of Terror Rights of Man Safety MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power. Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens. Assessment

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror HOME 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that occurred after the creation of the Constitution of 1791. Assembly creates a constitution. War with Austria begins when Austria offers support for Louis XVI. War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule Paris. King is executed. Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the government. Terror ends as moderates gain control. continued . . . continued . . .

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror HOME 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Section 2 Assessment 2. After the French rejected the king’s absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this to happen? THINK ABOUT • the political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule • the need for a leader • Robespierre’s personality ANSWER Possible Responses: War, economic problems, and struggling political factions caused confusion. People needed stability and leadership. Robespierre’s strong personality filled the vacuum. End of Section 2

Napoleon Forges an Empire HOME 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Key Idea A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, becomes emperor of France and assumes broad powers. Through military victories, he establishes mastery over most of Europe. Overview Assessment

Napoleon Forges an Empire HOME 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire TERMS & NAMES Overview • Napoleon Bonaparte • coup d'état • plebiscite • lycée • concordat • Napoleonic Code • Battle of Trafalgar MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte, seized power in France and made himself emperor. In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations, as in Haiti in 1991. Assessment

Napoleon Forges an Empire HOME 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the events leading to the crowning of Napoleon as emperor of France. 1789 1796–1799 1800 1795 1799 1804 French Revolution breaks out. New constitution gives Napoleon all real power. Napoleon wins many victories. Napoleon defeats royalist rebels. Napoleon seizes power from the Directory. Napoleon crowned emperor. continued . . .

Napoleon Forges an Empire HOME 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Section 3 Assessment 2. There is an old question: “Do the times make the man, or does the man make the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator of or the creation of his times? THINK ABOUT • the government after the Terror • Napoleon’s defense of France • Napoleon’s popularity ANSWER Possible Responses: • Napoleon became powerful because of his military responsibilities and the political chaos after the Terror. • Napoleon’s strong personality would have dominated no matter the circumstances. continued . . .

Napoleon Forges an Empire HOME 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire Section 3 Assessment 3. To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more crucial to control? THINK ABOUT • the length of the period of civil unrest in France • the power and activities of the other European nations ANSWER • Internal unrest was most important, because division and chaos at home would have made military success impossible. Possible Responses: • Victory against external enemies would have led to union within France. End of Section 3

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses HOME 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Key Idea Napoleon makes political and military mistakes as he tries to increase his power. He is defeated, returns, is defeated again, and finishes his life in exile. Overview Assessment

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses HOME 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses TERMS & NAMES Overview • blockade • Continental System • guerrilla • Peninsular War • scorched-earth policy • Waterloo • Hundred Days MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. In the1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. Assessment

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses HOME 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Napoleon’s three disastrous mistakes and the effects that each one had on his empire. Napoleon’s Mistakes Effect on Empire Continental System Weakening of France Peninsular War Great loss of life and prestige Russian invasion Loss of much of army continued . . .

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses HOME 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Section 4 Assessment 2. What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon? THINK ABOUT • why some of his own allies refused to abide by the Continental System • why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years • why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities ANSWER • Nationalistic feelings caused resistance to French control. Possible Responses: • Invaded countries did not support Napoleon’s drive for power. • Russians did not want French rulers. End of Section 4

The Congress of Vienna Convenes HOME 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Key Idea Following the plan of Metternich, the Congress of Vienna reestablishes stability in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. Overview Assessment

The Congress of Vienna Convenes HOME 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Congress of Vienna • balance of power • legitimacy • Holy Alliance • Concert of Europe • Klemens von Metternich MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace. International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today. Assessment

The Congress of Vienna Convenes HOME 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the three main goals of Metternich’s plan at the Congress of Vienna solved a political problem. Problem Solution METTERNICH’S PLAN French aggression Surrounding France with strong countries Power struggles between countries Creating a balance of power so that no country can dominate others Lack of legitimate leaders Restoring royal families to their thrones continued . . .

The Congress of Vienna Convenes HOME 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 2. From France’s point of view, were the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna fair? THINK ABOUT • Metternich’s three goals • France’s loss of territory • the fears of the rest of Europe ANSWER • The French would have considered the decisions fair because as a defeated country, France could have had its territory divided among the victors. Instead, its original borders were left intact. Possible Responses: • France lost all that it had gained. continued . . .

The Congress of Vienna Convenes HOME 5 The Congress of Vienna Convenes GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 3. Why do you think liberals and conservatives differed over who should have power? THINK ABOUT • Old Regime privileges • attitudes toward change • Enlightenment ideas ANSWER • Liberals, mostly of the Third Estate, wanted a more representative government and more power for the common people. Possible Responses: • Conservatives feared the common people and wanted to preserve royalty and privilege, viewing change as dangerous and frightening. End of Section 5