Renaissance The re-birth of classical culture The re-birth of classical culture The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness The birth of a NEW spirit of self awareness Sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century Sense of relief after a disastrous 14th century Artistic achievement Artistic achievement

Time Frame Three distinct phases: Three distinct phases: Phase 1: : Started in Italy Phase 1: : Started in Italy –Declining population –Rediscovery of classical knowledge –(Late Middle Ages) Phase 2: Spreads to Northern Europe Phase 2: Spreads to Northern Europe – Artistic / literary achievements –Population recovered, –Govt. stabilized Phase 3: : - The Rest of Europe Phase 3: : - The Rest of Europe –French and Spanish Invasions spread the Renaissance

Rise of Italian City-States The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) and the Great Schism left no unifying force in Italy The collapse of the HRE (Holy Roman Empire) and the Great Schism left no unifying force in Italy

The Guilds Guilds and powerful families took over regional governments: Guilds and powerful families took over regional governments: –Mediterranean trade enriched guild members and merchant families –HRE provided a vast market for manufactured goods of the Italian guilds (Commenda) –City-states had enough agriculture to sustain their populations

Italian Politics Competition between city-states – Italy remained divided Competition between city-states – Italy remained divided –Weaker States would ally against stronger States

Five Powers of Italy: Papal States: Rome. Politics dominated by the Pope and a collection of powerful families. Papal States: Rome. Politics dominated by the Pope and a collection of powerful families.

Florence Republic on paper, but came under the control of the Medici faction. Republic on paper, but came under the control of the Medici faction. - Major industries were textiles (wool, cotton and silk) and finance - Established bank branches throughout Europe - External conflicts led to a financial crisis

Major Players in Florence - Cosimo de Medici ( ) financed govt. and took control - Lorenzo the Magnificent ( : patron of the Arts, glorification of Florence - Girolamo Savonarola ( ) – theocracy in Florence ; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake

Milan: Located just south of the Alps, Milan provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE Located just south of the Alps, Milan provided manufactured goods to the French and HRE - Dominated for much of their history by the House of Visconti and fear of Germanic invasion - Dominated for much of their history by the House of Visconti and fear of Germanic invasion - The House of Sforza took over during da Vinci’s stay in Milan - The House of Sforza took over during da Vinci’s stay in Milan

Naples Hereditary monarchy. Eventually taken over by Spanish after 1435 Hereditary monarchy. Eventually taken over by Spanish after 1435

Venice Key to their success was their role in Mediterranean trade. Key to their success was their role in Mediterranean trade. - Maritime power - Oligarchy of wealthy merchant / guilds people (hereditary elite) - Special treaty with the Byzantine Empire that allowed them exclusive trade rights - Government controlled trade, ensured profitability Impact: Italy exported manufactured goods, capital resources and cultural innovations.

Decline of the City-States (What happened to Italy) Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one another Established the Peace of Lodi: Major powers would not fight one another - Instead they gobbled up the rest of Italy - Massive mistrust developed Rise of the Ottoman Turks Rise of the Ottoman Turks - Mehmed II Conquered Constantinople in 1453 and threatened Eastern Europe - Cut off much of the profitable trade that the Italian City-States relied on Wars of Italy ( ) Wars of Italy ( ) - Naples, Florence & Rome v. Milan + France (secret alliance) - Venetians allied with Spain / HRE Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Renaissance in Italy Germans Sack Rome in 1527, significance is that it ends the Renaissance in Italy

Italian Renaissance Ideas... The Humanists Humanism: reaction to a worldview that was centered on the church doctrine Humanism: reaction to a worldview that was centered on the church doctrine - Secular outlook, - Emphasis on human achievement

Pico de Mirandola Belief in no limits to human accomplishment Studied and taught “humanities” – liberal arts His writings set the standard for other Humanists

Civic Humanism Leon Battista Alberti: On the Family (1443), looked at newly emerging civic virtues Leon Battista Alberti: On the Family (1443), looked at newly emerging civic virtues Baldesar Castiglione: Baldesar Castiglione: –The Courtier (1528), etiquette book for the elite seeking power and influence, advocated the moralistic and traditional exercise of power

Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out. Wrote “The Prince,” to encourage Italian rulers to be more united and firm their attempts to keep foreigners out. Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The ends justifies the means.” Hoped that Cesar Borgia or the Medici Family would unite Italy-”The ends justifies the means.” - Impact: - Impact: 1. Mix of Classical and Renaissance worlds 2. Explained how and why Princes gained and maintained power 3. Represents the first purely secular understanding of govt- - Removed divine authority 4. First attempt to explain the actions of govt. using a scientific methodology -Key idea was Machiavelli’s association of the Prince and peoples interest as the same -A virtuous Prince was defined as a one who gained and maintained power -Any action that increased a Prince’s virtue was good, thus power became an end that justified any means

Humanists and classical studies Byzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influential Byzantine scholars (fleeing Muslim expansion) were influential - Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new educational standards - Developed new standards for studying classical texts and new educational standards Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and think Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, moral philosophy, philology and history- intent: boost the abilities of the individual to reason and think Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage Philology: study of words, their origins and correct usage –Provided the first challenge of humanist thought to the Church intellectual tradition- Valla disproved the Donation of Constantine (tax exemption of the church) Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular world Applied their ideas to spiritual / secular world - Petarch: “father of Humanism” – Cicero - Bruni: Greek scholar who advanced Platonic ideals - Alberti- Applied humanist ideals to a number of fields- art, architecture, education reform, engineering etc...

Physical Arts Art represented a combination of individual talent and important social ideals Art represented a combination of individual talent and important social ideals - Leading edge of society - Technical innovations - perspective & three dimensionality - Driven by societal demands - Civic architecture - govt. - Portrait painting - reflected the importance of individuals (prestige) - Elite patronized the arts (investment & prestige) and the skill craftsmen (practical) who produced it -Based on fear of death -Destruction, sadness, horror -Based on fear of death -Destruction, sadness, horror Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: Renaissance Art can be broken down into three mediums: –Architecture – Sculpture –Painting - Most artists worked in all three mediums

Architecture Designed and built by Renaissance Artists (great buildings increased one's fame and prestige) Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses. Middle Ages: Gothic Architecture, pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, slender spires, large windows, flying buttresses. - Goal was to overwhelm the viewer with the power and might of God. Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features Renaissance: reincorporation of classical features -Brunelleschi - combined gothic and classical architecture - Florence Cathedral

Florence Cathedral

Saint Peter's Basilica: Begun by Bramante, finished by Michelangelo

Sculpture - Donatello: created a sense of reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects - Donatello: created a sense of reality, especially in the robes and clothes of his subjects

St. Mark

Michelangelo Pieta: sculpture of the Madonna, new representation

Michelangelo David: mix of classical sculpture and Renaissance style

Painting

Masaccio His frescoes are the earliest monuments of Humanism His frescoes are the earliest monuments of Humanism –Used light and shading to create perspective – Increased the display of human emotion

The Expulsion of Adam and Eve (1425)

- The Holy Trinity (1425)

Piero Della Francesca Piero Della Francesca - The Resurrection (1463) - displayed technical innovations

- Botticelli: - Botticelli: –Famous for classical themes and bright colors

The Birth of Venus (1478) The Birth of Venus (1478)

Spring (1478) Spring (1478)

Leonardo da Vinci Great master famous for observation of detail and use ofperspective Great master famous for observation of detail and use ofperspective

The Last Supper ( ) The Last Supper ( )

La Gioconda (Mona Lisa)

Michelangelo - Sistine Chapel portrays a narrative of the Christian creation myth

Music Renaissance Music, Art and Literature Renaissance Music, Art and Literature 1. Music 1. Music -Polyphonic music begins in church -Catholic music remains chant based -Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and words in vernacular -Polyphonic music begins in church -Catholic music remains chant based -Protestants develop hymns with 4 parts and words in vernacular 2. Instruments -Violin -Lyre -Harpsichord Renaissance Music Example #1 Renaissance Music Example #2 Renaissance Music Example #3 2. Instruments -Violin -Lyre -Harpsichord Renaissance Music Example #1 Renaissance Music Example #2 Renaissance Music Example #3 Renaissance Music Example #1 Renaissance Music Example #2 Renaissance Music Example #3 Renaissance Music Example #1 Renaissance Music Example #2 Renaissance Music Example #3

Literature -Machiavelli: The Prince -Castiglione: The Courtier -Erasmus: In praise of Folly -Cervantes: Don Quixote -Thomas Moore: Utopia

The Northern Renaissance Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance spread to other European States. Outside of Italy, the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance spread to other European States. Variations- Variations- –Christian Humanism: emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society –Mysticism: belief in personal relationship with God

Desiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of Rotterdam) ( ) – In Praise of Folly -Most famous intellectual of his times criticized the church: “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”

Thomas More ( ) – ( ) – Utopia – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights Utopia – creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rights

Northern Renaissance Art Low Countries produced especially important artists Low Countries produced especially important artists Jan Van Eyck – Flemish painter, detailed realistic works Jan Van Eyck – Flemish painter, detailed realistic works Albrecht Durer ( ) German – foremost northern Renaissance artist. Albrecht Durer ( ) German – foremost northern Renaissance artist.

Durer Durer

This is not Renaissance Art.. This where you can stop..