Plants! Dominate _________________ Extreme ____________________ __________________ ( 100m in height) >270,000________________ Live a few weeks to over ________ years

Did You Know? Some plants produce seeds, others do not Now Introducing…. The SEED Plants…

SEED PLANTS… 2 groups of seed plants are the _____________________ and ________________

Brassica rapa The plant that we will be working with in this unit is a _____________ ____________, and is known as the __________________________________. The scientific name for this plant is ____________________________

Gymnosperms! Produce __________________ (not enclosed in _____________) and ____________________ Most retain their leaves year-round Most bear their seeds in cones

SEED Plants also include… Angiosperms! (Flowering Plants) Outnumber gymnosperms One growing season includes germination, mature plant, and production of new seeds again = successful (10 years for gymnosperms) Besides producing flowers, angiosperms produce _____________ (ripened __________) that protect and aid in dispersal of seeds More diverse (What does diverse mean again? Oh yeah! VARIETY)

Types of ROOTS ___________: anchor the plant into the ground, receives water and nutrients for the plant from soil ______________ (carrots): “taps into” the water supply that is in the ground _____________________: numerous small roots that branch

Root Hairs… Root hairs: extensions of roots that ____________ __________________ __________________

Hydroponics Growing plants ____________ ________ by using solutions to provide the necessary _______________ for growth.

Reaching into the SOIL… _________________- how the soil FEELS ________________- Chemicals needed for the functioning and growth of living things ______________-present in soil, is material that was once living and is important for fertile soil Soil may be considered ___________: mixture of 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay

Fertilizer Includes manure, ________________, _____________________, and ___________________ compounds, spread on or worked into soil to increase its capacity to support _______________ _______________. ____________: Percentage of the 3 above chemicals found in purchased fertilizer.

Root Adaptations Roots are often adapted to store carbohydrates and water Carbohydrates are converted to starch (WE EAT THE STARCH!)

STEMS: also known as pedicels or stalks of flowers Varieties represent adaptations to the environment STEMS: _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Also give support to leaves! Animal protection Water storage and photosynthesis Storing energy as starch Potato Cactus Plant

What are SEEDS? Seeds contain __________________________________ Good conditions trigger _______________ (evidence of growth from embryo to ________________) * ____________________________ * ____________________________

4 STAGES of PLANT Growth: _____________________ …..What are COTYLEDONS?

Cotyledons Seed leaves, it is where _____________ occurs and where ______ is stored for the seed.

Monocots vs. Dicots _____________ means one ________ means two Plants with one cotyledon are called __________________ Plants with two cotyledons are called _______________.

Leaves! __________________________________

Now… Onto the REPRODUCTIVE parts of PLANTS! There are MALE and FEMALE parts!

Parts of Flowers… ___________: located at the base of a flower, protect the other parts of a developing flower before it opens, is often green ___________: brightly-colored if part of an animal-pollinated plant, small or absent if part of a wind-pollinated plant

Male Reproductive Parts of Flowers ___________-male reproductive structure, consists of an _____________ and a _________________ Anther-contains __________________ ____________- stalk, supports an anther

Female Reproductive Parts of Flowers ______________- made up of the _________, __________, and _________ Style- stalk-like, rises from the ovary, has a tip called the stigma that is sticky or has hairs to trap pollen grains, protects the pollen tube

NOTE: Most species of flowering plants have flowers with both stamens and pistils. They are called __________________. Some species have only stamens (male flowers) or only pistils (female flowers)

________________ The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma to fertilize the egg (either occurring on the same plant or to another plant) Self-pollination: Involves either the same flower, flowers on the same plant, or flowers from two genetically identical plants. Cross Pollination: Involves two genetically different plants. Plants produced this way are called hybrids.

Pollen Dispersal Sea Grasses = by water Oaks & grasses = by air (therefore, flowers are small and lack showy petals) Many other species = by animals (showy flowers) Successful Wind Pollination depends on: Release of LARGE amounts of pollen Ample circulation of air to carry pollen Relative proximity of plants to one another Dry weather

Animal Pollinators (While obtaining nectar, desirable seeds, fruits) Bats Bees Beetles Moths Butterflies Hummingbirds Monkeys People When animals are attracted to showy flowers, they come to feed on the flower. Pollen sticks to their bodies and the animals deposit some of the pollen onto another flower that they go and feed on.

Parts of a BEE BODY

____________________ When pollen reaches the ovule

Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds Success of the seed plants comes from the development of fruits and seeds that are adapted for dispersing offspring. Fruits and seeds result from sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Fruits are adapted for dispersing seeds, and seeds function in the dispersal and propagation of plants. Dispersal can be by animals, wind, water, forcible discharge, and gravity.

Plant Responses ________________: Response to gravity ________________ Geotropism: Moving with gravity…roots growing DOWN (toward EARTH) ________________ Geotropism: Stems, leaves, petals, reproductive parts growing UP (against gravity and away from Earth)

Heliotropism Response to _______________ _ _________ = Plant reaching for the sunlight ___________= plant droops

Phototropism Plants move in the direction of the _______________ ________________

Invasive Species Any ______-____________ species (plant, animal, fungus, protist, bacteria) including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating native species belonging to an ecosystem; and whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Example: Buckthorn in Illinois Forest Preserves