1. Gymnosperms 5.2
Seed plant that produce a “naked seeds” (seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit)
Have needle-like or scale- like leaves, and deep- growing root systems

2. Gymnosperms 4 types: Cycads: Held the majority 175 million yrs. ago
Grow mainly in tropical & subtropical areas
Can grow as large as a football field
Conifers:
Cone-bearing plants
Largest and most diverse group
Most are evergreens(year round)-pine, sequoias and junipers

3. Gymnosperms Ginkgoes Only one species exist
Ginkgo trees can tolerate air pollution
Gnetophtyes
Live in hot deserts and tropical rain forest
Trees, shrubs, and vines

4. Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Most use reproduction structures called cones
Most produce two types; male & female cones
Male cones produce pollen (the male gametophyte) which contain the male sex cells (sperm cells)
Female cones contain the female gametophytes (egg cells) which are developed in the ovule.
After the sperm cell joins the egg cell (fertilization) the ovule will develop into a seed.

5. Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Pollination: transfer of pollen from male structure to female structure
Wind normally carries pollen from male cone to female cone.
Fertilization: after pollination; the ovule closes and seals the pollen. Sperm cells fertilized an egg cell inside ovule. The zygote develops into an embryo part of the seed.

6. Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Seed Development:
Seed develops in female cone; stays on plant
Male cone falls off after the pollen is dispersed
Seed Dispersal
When seeds mature, scales of cone open and are dispersed.
Only a few seeds will end up in a suitable place.

7. Reproduction in Gymnosperms

8. Angiosperms “Flowering Plant”
Two main characteristics
All produce flowers
All produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits

9. The Flower

10. Structure of the Flower
Sepals & Petals
Stamens
Pistils
Pollinators

11. Sepals & Petals Sepal encloses the bud; protecting developing flowers
Petals are usually colorful; shapes, sizes, & number vary

12. Stamens The male reproductive parts Filament: thin stalk of the stamen
Anther: this is where the pollen is produced.

13. Pistils Found in center of most flowers Stigma: sticky tip of pistils
Style: slender tube that connects the stigma to the ovary
Ovary: Hollow structure which protects the seed as it develops; contains 1 or more ovules

14. Pollinators Color and scents attract insects & other animals.
Pollinators: birds, bat, bees, flies, & butterflies

15. Reproduction in Angiosperms

16. Complex Life Cycle (pg. 111)
Two different stages
Sporophyte stage
In this stage plants produce spores, tiny cells that can grow into organisms.
These will develop into the sex cells of the plant
Gametophyte Stage
The plant produces from the spores sex cells; sperm cells or egg cells

17. Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
pollination- color of flower attracts insects to fertilize flower
beginning of fruit and seed formation
fruits and seed are attractive to birds who eat and spread seeds.
Reproduces plant
some seeds carried on animals coats