Anatomy and Physiology Kingdom Plantae Anatomy and Physiology

Plant Structure Plant cells, like those of animals, are arranged into tissues and organs.

Plant Tissues 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Protective tissue 3) Vascular tissue 4) Fundamental tissue

Meristematic tissue Site of cell division-MITOSIS! Located at the apex (tip) of roots and shoots

Protective tissue Epidermis-outer layer of cells on leaves, green stems, and roots Cuticle-a waxy layer covering the epidermis that reduces water loss and protects against infection Cork-protective tissue on woody stems (non-living)

Vascular tissue Conducting tissues that transport food and water up stems to leaves Xylem-transports water up Phloem-transports food and minerals up and down

Fundamental tissue Used in the production and storage of food Ex) parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Plant Organs 1) Roots 2) Stems 3) Leaves 4) Reproductive structures

Roots Anchor plant in soil Store food Take up water and nutrients from the soil May serve as asexual reproductive structures (ex-tubers) May have nitrogen fixing bacteria (legumes)

3 types of roots 1) Taproot-rapid growth, few secondary branches Ex) carrots, dandelions, beets, radishes 2) Fibrous- have a lot of secondary roots Ex) grasses 3) Adventitious-may grow out of stem above ground Ex) ivy, prop roots on corn

3 types of roots

Prop roots

Roots and Microorganisms Symbiosis-relationship between 2 organisms where at least one benefits Legumes-members of the pea family Ex) beans, peas, clover, alfalfa Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes. They convert “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.

Roots are for food storage and asexual reproduction

Stems Hold leaves, may allow for movement of leaves in response to sunlight Hold flowers, fruits, and seeds Contain vascular tissue for transport

2 types of stems Herbaceous-soft, green, juicy Ex) plants with short life cycles like annuals Woody-thick, tough tissue that you think of as wood Ex) plants that generally live more than 2 years and don’t die back in the winter-maples, pines, shrubs

Leaves Sites of photosynthesis Can be simple or compound Waxy cuticle prevents water loss Have stomata to allow for gas exchange and to reduce water loss

Stomatal opening

Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis Broad flat surfaces have large surface area Arrangement on stems allows all leaves to face sunlight Some structures move to follow the path of sunlight Exception-cacti have leaves modified into spines for protection

Reproductive Structures Cones (gymnosperms) Flowers (angiosperms) Stamens Anther Filament Pistil Stigma Style Ovary