  GOLD, GLORY and GOD  Demand for goods (spices)  Muslims and Italians controlled trade routes- wanted direct routes. Take out the middle man.  Mercantilism--belief that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. Why Explore?

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  Portugal  Prince Henry the Navigator  School for exploration  Dias – Cape of Good Hope  Da Gama – Gets to India!! Portugal

  Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand  Line of Demarcation-- Treaty of Tordesailles  Magellan – Circumnavigates (goes around the world)  Balboa Ponce de Leon and Columbus Spain

Portugal influences Brazil Spain—rest of Central and South America

  England: John Cabot and Henry Hudson  France: Jacque Cartier and Verranzzano Northwest Passage

  Geography—mainland and many small islands  Monsoons shaped trading patterns  Women were successful merchants and rulers in some ports  Vietnam  Ruled by China for 1000 years Southeast Asia

 Portugal In Southeast Asia  Indian Ocean--Portuguese Lake  Gained control by military force  Burned towns, destroyed Asian fleets  Muslims resented Portuguese because of religious intolerance  Missionaries caused resentment  Portuguese remain on the fringe of Asian trade (strong at sea not on land)

  By 1500's Dutch were the front runners of European commerce  Formed Dutch East Indies Company  Captured many Portuguese ports,  Used the military to expand trade, but forged ties to local authorities  Spain conquers the Philippines easily because Filipinos were not united Dutch and Spanish In Southeast Asia

  India’s ruling dynasty--Mughals were very civilized-- larger and more powerful than Europe  Portuguese, English, French and Dutch allowed to build forts  When Mughals lost power, French and English fought over control of India  England gains control of India because of military strength and clever diplomacy  The decline of the Mughal empire was because of religious intolerance  British East India Company drove the French out and forced the Mughals to recognize its power in Bengal Europe and India Robert Clive

  Ming dynasty had ended sea explorations in 1400's  Didn’t like the foreigners--thought they had little to trade/inferior products--gold/silver only  Macao--Canton only places that they could trade during the trading season. Early China

  Korea, like China limited trading with outsiders  Had wars with Japan and the Manchus—became isolated  Came to be known as Hermit Kingdom  Japan at first welcomed traders  Adopted firearms and built castles  Adopted Christianity  Tokugawa shoguns grew increasingly hostile and barred Western traders—became isolated Korea and Japan

  Conquistadors wanted riches and to convert Native Americans  Cortes used help from the conquered peoples to fight the Aztecs  Montezuma sent gifts in hopes that the Spanish (Quetzalcoatl?) would not continue to Tenochtitlan  The Spanish destroy the city and later build Mexico City  Pizzaro killed thousands of Peruvians and demanded ransom for their ruler and then killed him anyway. The Americas

  Superior Military Technology  Horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets and armor  Division and Discontent among the Indians  Disease brought by the Europeans  Thought that gods had deserted them because the Spanish seemed immune to the diseases that devastated the Indians  Indians believed that the disasters marked the world’s end. Reasons for Victory

  Spain determined to have strict control over empire both politically and economically  Catholic Church baptized and forced Indians into European customs  Forbade the use of Indian slaves after abuses in the system--encomiendas  Brought slaves from Africa instead  Portugal did not bring back instant wealth  Forced Indians to clear land  Cattle ranching Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

  British and French compete over lands  British settle along the coast and around Hudson Bay  French settle along Mississippi River and around the Great Lakes  Jamestown nearly failed—tobacco  French find fur  Seven Years War--In N. America and Europe  France had to give up its claims in N. America  Native Americans are killed by settlers and disease North America

  Outposts set on the coasts of Africa by European nations  Portugal is first  Many of the new kingdoms that developed in West Africa in the early modern age were influenced by Islam  Most important part of African trade--slaves  Triangular Trade  Middle Passage-- Floating coffins  About 11 million slaves went to America  Columbian Exchange—plants, technology and cultures Africa