The Civil War and Reconstruction

Crisis Underground Railroad secret routes for slaves to escape to the North. Underground Railroad secret routes for slaves to escape to the North.

Crisis Harriet Tubman was the most famous “conductor.” Harriet Tubman was the most famous “conductor.” She freed nearly 300 She freed nearly 300 slaves, including her own parents. Called “Moses of her People” Called “Moses of her People”

Crisis Compromise of 1850: Compromise of 1850: California = free state California = free state Popular sovereignty – residents of a territory could vote for or against slavery. Popular sovereignty – residents of a territory could vote for or against slavery. Forbid the sale of slaves in Washington D.C. Forbid the sale of slaves in Washington D.C. Fugitive Slave Act – return fugitive slaves to the South Fugitive Slave Act – return fugitive slaves to the South

1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin to portray the inhumanity of slavery. Caused many northerners to join the abolitionist movement.

“This is the little lady who started this big war.” – Abraham Lincoln

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories. Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories. Overturned the Overturned the Missouri Compromise!!! “Bleeding Kansas” – fighting over the issue of slavery in the new territories (before the Civil War). “Bleeding Kansas” – fighting over the issue of slavery in the new territories (before the Civil War).

1856 Democrats and Whigs split over the issue of slavery (North and South). Democrats and Whigs split over the issue of slavery (North and South). Led to the creation of new political parties. Led to the creation of new political parties. Free Soil Party – wanted to keep slavery out of the western territories. Free Soil Party – wanted to keep slavery out of the western territories.

1856 Republican Party – opposed slavery and quickly became powerful (Abraham Lincoln)!!! Republican Party – opposed slavery and quickly became powerful (Abraham Lincoln)!!! Know-Nothing Party – favored native-born Americans over immigrants. Know-Nothing Party – favored native-born Americans over immigrants. After the Civil War, only Democrats and Republicans survived. After the Civil War, only Democrats and Republicans survived.

1856 Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1856 – Supreme Court case said that slaves are not citizens and can’t sue. Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1856 – Supreme Court case said that slaves are not citizens and can’t sue.

1858 Stephen Douglas (Dem) and Abraham Lincoln (Rep) debated the issue of slavery in the territories in the Illinois senatorial campaign Stephen Douglas (Dem) and Abraham Lincoln (Rep) debated the issue of slavery in the territories in the Illinois senatorial campaign Douglas supported popular sovereignty and won the election. Douglas supported popular sovereignty and won the election.

1859 John Brown was an abolitionist who tried to lead a slave rebellion at Harper’s Ferry. Captured and executed!!!

1860 In the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln became president although he received NO electoral votes in the South. In the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln became president although he received NO electoral votes in the South. Caused South Caroline to secede, or withdraw from the Union. Caused South Caroline to secede, or withdraw from the Union. Led to the Civil War!!! Led to the Civil War!!!

1861 Other southern states seceded and formed the Confederacy. Other southern states seceded and formed the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis became the President of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis became the President of the Confederacy.

“A house divided against itself cannot stand.” - Abraham Lincoln - Abraham Lincoln

Battles of the Civil War

Civil War March 1861, Confederates fired on Ft. Sumter, SC. March 1861, Confederates fired on Ft. Sumter, SC. Lincoln ordered Union troops to surrender the fort. Lincoln ordered Union troops to surrender the fort.

Civil War Lincoln’s primary goal was to “preserve the Union.” Lincoln’s primary goal was to “preserve the Union.” Union advantages: Union advantages: More industry! More industry! More people! More people! More railroads! More railroads! Stable government (Lincoln) and economy!!! Stable government (Lincoln) and economy!!!

Anaconda Plan: Anaconda Plan: Blockade southern ports ($$$) Blockade southern ports ($$$) Gain access to Mississippi River and split the Confederacy Gain access to Mississippi River and split the Confederacy Capture Richmond, VA (capital) Capture Richmond, VA (capital)

Civil War Confederate advantages: Confederate advantages: Cotton ($$$)! Cotton ($$$)! Strong military leaders (Robert E. Lee)! Strong military leaders (Robert E. Lee)! Strong motivation to defend homes and way of life!!! Strong motivation to defend homes and way of life!!! Confederate strategy: Confederate strategy:DEFEND!!!

Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) – first battle of the Civil War. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) – first battle of the Civil War. General “Stonewall” Jackson led Confederate troops to victory. General “Stonewall” Jackson led Confederate troops to victory. Showed war would not be quick!!! Showed war would not be quick!!!

Civil War Robert E. Lee was reluctant to join the war but eventually led Confederate army.

Civil War September 1862, Union found Lee’s battle plans wrapped in an old cigar. September 1862, Union found Lee’s battle plans wrapped in an old cigar. Antietam – bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War (over 26,000 casualties). Antietam – bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War (over 26,000 casualties). Lincoln fired General McClellan. Lincoln fired General McClellan.

Civil War Lincoln needed victory at Antietam to refocus the war. Lincoln needed victory at Antietam to refocus the war. Emancipation Proclamation – freed slaves in Confederate states. Emancipation Proclamation – freed slaves in Confederate states. Strengthened the moral cause of the Union and made the war about slavery!!!

Civil War Now, African Americans joined the Union army. Now, African Americans joined the Union army. 54 th Massachusetts Infantry was an all- black regiment. 54 th Massachusetts Infantry was an all- black regiment.

Civil War Lincoln suspended the writ of habeaus corpus (could jail citizens without a trial). Lincoln suspended the writ of habeaus corpus (could jail citizens without a trial). To silence opponents To silence opponents Conscription – draft that forced men to serve in the Union army. Conscription – draft that forced men to serve in the Union army. Draft Riots in NYC!!! Draft Riots in NYC!!!

Civil War General Burnside General Hooker

Civil War July 1863, Battle of Gettysburg proved to be the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. July 1863, Battle of Gettysburg proved to be the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. TURNING POINT Lee gave up hope of invading the North and led his soldiers back to Virginia. Lee gave up hope of invading the North and led his soldiers back to Virginia.

Civil War July 1863, Ulysses S. Grant led Siege at Vicksburg (Miss). July 1863, Ulysses S. Grant led Siege at Vicksburg (Miss). TURNING POINT Union gained control of the Mississippi River. Union gained control of the Mississippi River.

Civil War Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant as commander of Union troops. Used total war to destroy enemy’s supplies and morale.

Civil War William T. Sherman led the Union’s “March to the Sea” William T. Sherman led the Union’s “March to the Sea” Marched from Atlanta, GA to Savannah, GA burning everything!!! Marched from Atlanta, GA to Savannah, GA burning everything!!!

... The End is Near April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House (VA) April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House (VA)... Wilmer McLean... Wilmer McLean

Civil War Only five days later... Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C. Only five days later... Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.

Reconstruction

Reconstruction Reconstruction - rebuilding the South after the Civil War (from 1865 – 1877).

Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction: Presidential Reconstruction: Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln wanted to readmit the South to the Union quickly and easily!!! Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln wanted to readmit the South to the Union quickly and easily!!! But... Andrew Johnson (NC) becomes president after Lincoln’s assassination. But... Andrew Johnson (NC) becomes president after Lincoln’s assassination.

Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction: Congressional Reconstruction: Radical Republicans in Congress led by Thaddeus Stevens Radical Republicans in Congress led by Thaddeus Stevens Wanted harsh treatment for the South!!! Wanted harsh treatment for the South!!! Full rights for African Americans!!! Full rights for African Americans!!!

CONGRESSVS.PRESIDENT

Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 – federal government guaranteed rights to African Americans and overturned state laws that limited them. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – federal government guaranteed rights to African Americans and overturned state laws that limited them. Reconstruction Act of divided Confederate states into 5 military districts and ordered states to create new governments that MUST allow black males to vote. Reconstruction Act of divided Confederate states into 5 military districts and ordered states to create new governments that MUST allow black males to vote. JOHNSON VETOED!!! CONGRESS PASSED!!! JOHNSON VETOED!!! CONGRESS PASSED!!!

CONGRESSVS.PRESIDENT

Reconstruction Johnson became first president to be impeached Because he violated the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson became first president to be impeached Because he violated the Tenure of Office Act.

Reconstruction Black codes – laws that restricted rights of African Americans in the South. Black codes – laws that restricted rights of African Americans in the South. Sharecropping – given a little bit of land and tools; must give part of Sharecropping – given a little bit of land and tools; must give part of crop to landowner.

Reconstruction Freedman’s Bureau – agency that helped former slaves in the South by providing education, food, and hospitals. Freedman’s Bureau – agency that helped former slaves in the South by providing education, food, and hospitals.

Reconstruction 13 th Amendment – abolished slavery 13 th Amendment – abolished slavery 14 th Amendment – gave citizenship to former slaves 14 th Amendment – gave citizenship to former slaves 15 th Amendment – gave the right to vote to black males 15 th Amendment – gave the right to vote to black malesDANCE

Reconstruction Scalawags – Southern whites who joined the Republican party (traitors). Scalawags – Southern whites who joined the Republican party (traitors). Carpetbaggers - Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to make money. Carpetbaggers - Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to make money.

Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – founded as a social club for Confederate veterans. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – founded as a social club for Confederate veterans. Eventually, used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from voting. Eventually, used violence and intimidation to prevent African Americans from voting. Solid South – southern white Democrats regained control in the South!!! Solid South – southern white Democrats regained control in the South!!!

Reconstruction In the election of 1876, there was a dispute between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) In the election of 1876, there was a dispute between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) Led to Compromise of 1877, in which Hayes agree to: Led to Compromise of 1877, in which Hayes agree to: Remove troops from the South Remove troops from the South Build railroads in the South Build railroads in the South Appoint southern Democrats Appoint southern Democrats

Reconstruction Compromise of 1877: Compromise of 1877: Democrats would accept Hayes as president if he would... Democrats would accept Hayes as president if he would... Remove troops from the South Remove troops from the South Build railroads in the South Build railroads in the South Appoint southern Democrats Appoint southern Democrats

... End of Reconstruction