CHAPTER EIGHTEEN The Rise of Russia World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars II. Russia's First Westernization, III. Themes in Early Modern Russian History

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Rise of Russia 14th C - Duchy of Moscow pushes out Mongols Expansion into central Asia & Siberia Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats Trade with Asia increased; Islam tolerated Under Mongols: Laissez-faire policy; economic decline; decreased literacy; agricultural/serf system Ivan III “The Great” 1480 Orthodox Christianity Creates centralized, independent state Restoration of traditional rule Head of state and church Russia as the “Third Rome” Ivan IV (The Terrible) Attacks boyars (nobles)

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Russian Expansion under the Early Tsars

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Western Contact and Romanov Policy Intentional turn to West Ivan III & IV Embassies to Western states British begin trading Italian artists Time of Troubles - Ivan IV dies without heir Boyars attempt to take power Sweden, Poland take territory Michael Romanov Restores order, expels invaders Takes part of Ukraine; border to Ottoman region Alexis Romanov Church purged of Mongol-era innovations "Old Believers" exiled to Siberia What were the political effects of Ivan IV’s inability to leave an heir? How was Romanov policy different/similar to the Ivan era?

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Peter the Great *Autocratic – controls all aspects of Russian state *Forced Reforms *Secret police *Unsuccessful war against Ottomans *Baltic port achieved *Capital to St. Petersburg Russia under Peter the Great

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Russia's Westernization Bureaucratic/Political reforms *Navy created *Council of nobles ended - Replaced by advisors *Provincial governors under central control *Town councils under royal authority *Laws codified Economic reforms *Metallurgical, mining industries expanded *Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing Culture/Social reforms *Nobles forced to shave beards *Western dress *Ballet; art; architecture *Education improved in math *Religion – mostly Orthodox; but still relig. tolerance Upper class only affected Why did Western reforms only affect upper class Russians?

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 End of Peter’s rule - dies 1724 Weak rulers follow Catherine the Great ( ) - widow of Peter III *Pugachev peasant rebellion Excuse to expand central power – police state? *More Westernization – examples ??? *Absolutism expanded Nobles empowered over serfs – WHY?? Effect of French Revolution ??? *Expansion Crimea taken from Turks Siberia Alaska claimed Explorers into northern California Partition of Poland What were the causes of the Pugachev rebellion? What percentage of the Russian people were serfs? How did Catherine the Great respond to the ideas of the French Revolution?

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Russia’s Holdings by 1800

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Serfdom *expanded under Mongols to placate nobles & to increase state control of peasantry *1649, serfdom hereditary *Later laws decrease peasants’ rights; no mobility w/out written permission; condition continues to deteriorate - 18th C Social Unrest *Demand for reform by Peasant unrest; landlords blamed for difficulties *Pugachev rising – 1770s – height of discontent Russia and Eastern Europe Balkans – under control of Ottomans Influenced by Enlightenment Several states lose autonomy – examples ??? Poland – under Catholic sphere Weakness & location leads to Partition Russian population – 95% rural agricultural peasants; only a small merchant class **Compare/contrast serfs in the 16 th C and then in the 17 th & 18 th C **Draw the population hierarchy under Tsarist Russia. **In what ways did peasants respond to the loss of their rights? What caused Poland to be partitioned & what does that mean?