The Civil War Chapter 15

First Shots of the War: 1861  Lincoln maintained control of Federal land in the South, despite secession  Sent troops to Fort Sumter in Charleston to resupply it  President Davis faced a dilemma: no sovereign nation would allow another country into a vital harbor  April 12 --Confederates take Fort Sumter; first shots of war fired

First Modern War?  Use of rifles, more accurate and deadly  Use of trenches  Cavalry played a secondary role  High casualties = replacement of soldiers  But, most battle still involved mass charges and hand-to- hand combat

Battle Bull Run/Manassas: 1861  First battle with casualties  Just outside of D.C.  Thomas J. Jackson brought reinforcements and refused to retreat  This earned him the name Stonewall Jackson  Confederate army wins  Lincoln/North realize this won’t be a short war, needed a large, well-trained army

The Peninsula Campaign: McClellan hesitates and loses the opportunity for success. Lincoln replaces him with Burnside

1862- The War in the West : The Battle of Shiloh : enabled the Union to take control of most of the Mississippi River

Battle of Antietam: Sept. 17, 1862  Gen. Robert E. Lee and others believe invasion would convince North to accept South’s independence  Victory on northern soil might win recognition from Britain, send money, supplies

Bloodiest One-Day Battle  Battle of Antietam- bloodiest one-day battle in war and American history  6,000 men killed, 16,000 wounded  Lee’s lines never break but he retreats  Union victory  Ready to step in and mediate, Britain decided to wait, see what happens  Confederacy loses chance to gain international recognition and support  Lincoln realizes slavery must end in South

Emancipation Proclamation  Drafted because of Antietam  Ends slavery with a decree, Emancipation Proclamation  Freed all slaves in states in rebellion  Not in Union states, did not want any more states to secede, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland  Transformed war from just being a war to preserve the Union to a war of liberation

Battle of Gettysburg: 1863  Lee launched an invasion in the North  June 1863, Lee marches north into Pennsylvania  Union general fails to stop Lee, is replaced by General George Meade  Some of Lee’s troops head to Gettysburg searching for shoes  Encounter Union cavalry, eventually both armies meet to push one another out of town

The Turning Point  After long bloody battle, Union wins, great cost of life on both sides  Turning point of war, Confederates go on the defensive and slowly lose ground to Union Army

Battle of Vicksburg: 1863  Fighting in the West-Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant divided the Confederacy with the Battle of Vicksburg, 1863 (Mississippi)  Union army now controls Mississippi River  Grant earned a reputation of not quitting, aggressive

Gettysburg Address: Nov  Dedicates portion of battlefield as a national military cemetery Lincoln’s speech was given in honor of the more than 7,000 Union and Confederate soldiers who died at Gettysburg

Inroads to South  After Gettysburg, Grant gained control of Tennessee  Now has access to major railroad lines into Atlanta  Prior to battle, Lincoln reorganizes military leadership, places Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in overall command of Union forces  Grant clears way for invasion of Georgia  Spring 1864, Grant, with Gen. William T. Sherman’s help, march southward, attacking Lee’s forces relentlessly until South surrenders

Fall of Atlanta: 1864  After Union’s capture of Chattanooga, Sherman’s army pushes toward Atlanta  Union Army destroys rail lines ( Sherman Neckties)  Sherman marched across Georgia, captured Savannah Dec. 21, 1864: March to the Sea

Sherman's March to the Sea  Union troops ransacked houses, killed cattle, burned fields and pillaged, or looted nearly everything in their path  After reaching sea, Sherman’s army turned north, headed to South Carolina, which many northerners blamed for starting the war  Many towns were burned, including Columbia, S.C.

The March's Effect  wreaked vengeance  demoralized South  destroyed its economy  broke morale of civilians and soldiers  War coming to an end  Now the final battles are between the most successful Union General, Grant and the most renowned Confederate commander, Lee

The Final Battle: 1865  Lee and Grant fight each other in Virginia  Lee tried to retreat, growing desperate  Grant’s cavalry blocks Lee’s escape at Appomattox Courthouse, Va  Lee surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865  Grants conditions of surrender very generous “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths” -General Robert E. Lee