Review Questions What is an anabolic reaction? What is a catabolic reaction? List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an enzyme? What does an enzyme do? What is a monomer? Polymer? What is an active site? What is a substrate? Describe the lock and key/induced fit model of enzymes. 1

List factors that can affect the effectiveness of an enzyme? Agenda for Wednesday Feb 11 th 1.Macromolecule notes

Macromolecules Large molecules created by joining smaller molecules – Bike chain Polymer – many monomers put together 4 major categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen – Ratio of 1 C, 2 H, and 1 O Supply most of the energy for your body Play important health-promoting roles – Digestion, absorption, eliminate toxins/waste

Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –1 unit – simple sugars – immediate energy – Fruits, cookie, candy, honey

Types of carbohydrates Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides linked together (2 units) – "simple sugars" – Includes lactose (milk), sucrose (table sugar), maltose (starch) – similar to monosaccharides; provide sweet taste to food and quick energy

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides – longer carbohydrate chains – Complex carbohydrates – Digestion takes longer – Extended/sustained source of energy – bread, pasta, oatmeal, rice – broccoli, kidney beans and chick peas

Other uses of Carbs Make up cellulose Cellulose makes up plant cells/cell walls

Lipids Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen – Fats, oils, waxes Store energy Hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water – Serves as a barrier

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY They INSULATE the body to maintain body temperature CUSHION the internal organs for protection They produce hormones called STEROIDS (testosterone, estrogen) They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes

Lipids Saturated fats are straight molecules – solids at room temp. – butter and fats found in meat Unsaturated fats – double bond – are liquids at room temperature – olive oil – in oils from grains and seeds, such as flaxseed oil

Lipids and You Cell membranes contains different kinds of fats – keeps membrane flexible and moveable – When saturated fats are too high, cell membranes become inflexible and don't function well Body needs unsaturated fats – Cell membrane – Brain – Anti-inflammatory - arthritis

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs? Both carbohydrates and lipids have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. “CHO” Carbohydrates = twice as many hydrogens as the oxygen EX: C 6 H 12 O 6 On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C 27 H 46 O cholesterol

Proteins Composed of C, H, O, N Made of amino acids – same structure with a variable group – 20 different variable group

Six functions of proteins: Six functions of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails, hormones They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

Proteins Need amino acids – Your body will begin to break down its own muscle – Stunting, poor muscle formation, thin and fragile hair, skin lesions, a poorly functioning immune system You get the majority of your protein from nuts, legumes, eggs, fish, meats and dairy products

Nucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic information – Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base (nucleotide) – Nucleotides form together to create nucleic acid – DNA, RNA In everything!

ENERGY Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the food we eat: BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES Number of Calories it provides Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

ENERGY Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a

Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories. If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.

Energy Gained From Carbohydrates Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.

Energy Gained from Lipids Eating 1 gram of fat provides your body with 9 Calories. Notice if you eat 1 gram of fat, you are gaining more than twice the amount of Calories than from a gram of carbohydrate or protein!

Nucleic acids The nucleic acids in food are not considered a substance that the body uses to gain energy.

ENERGY So… BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES Number of Calories it provides Carbohydrates4 Proteins4 Lipids9 Nucleic Acids0 TEST: TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

How to read nutrition labels…

Food #1

Food Sample #2

Athletes: Carbs & Lipids 4A08-B933-F8A2E50E6F4C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US 4A08-B933-F8A2E50E6F4C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

What are the 4 macromolecules? Agenda for Thursday Feb 12 th 1. Calorimetry

How many calories are in a gram of each macromolecule? Agenda for Friday Feb 13 th 1.Write lab report 2.Talk about calories