Eric Erickson – Review 8 Stages of Social Development Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy) Needs comforting and minimal uncertainty to trust him/herself, others and the environment Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (Toddler) Works to master physical environment while maintaining self-esteem Ex: If a toddler is not allowed to learn by doing, the toddler develops a sense of doubt in his/her abilities which may complicate later attempts at independence Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool) Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops conscience and sexual identity Ex: A preschooler who is made to feel that the activities he/she initiates are bad may develop a sense of guilt that inhibits the person later in life

Industry vs Inferiority (School Age Children) Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by defining skills Identity vs Role Confusion (Adolescent) Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete, worker) into a self image under role model and peer pressure Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adult) Learns to make personal commitment to another as spouse, or partner Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle-Age Adult) Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family and Civic Interests Integrity vs Despair (Older Adult) Reviews life accomplishments

Piaget – Cognitive Development Video

Piaget - Overview Piaget’s theory identifies four developmental stages and the processes by which children progress through them: Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years old)–The child learns through physical interaction with his or her environment and by using their 5 senses; object permanence develops Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)–The child thinks in symbols, or representational thought. Makes error in judgments & rational, animism, egocentric Concrete operations (ages 7-11)–Can think rationally like an adults MINUS hypothetical and abstract thinking. Conservation & reversibility develops Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15)–By this point, the child’s cognitive structures are like those of an adult and include hypothetical and abstract reasoning.

Freud – Psychosexual Development Freud's theory overview clip

1) Oral Stage (ages 0-1 ½) –Focus – mouth 1) Oral Stage (ages 0-1 ½) –Focus – mouth. Gratifying activities: Nursing – eating, as well as mouth movements including sucking, gumming, biting and swallowing 2) Anal Stage (ages 1 ½ - 3) Focus – Anus Gratifying activities: Bowel Movements & the withholding of such movements. Major event at this age is toilet training 3) Phallic Stage (age 4-5) Focus – Genital; develop a sexual identity by focusing on relationship with opposite sex parent 4) Latency (age 5-Puberty) Focus – None; Sexual feelings are suppressed to allow children to focus their energy on other aspects of life 5) Genital Stage (Puberty on) Focus – Genital; This stage is marked by renewed sexual interest and desire and the pursuit of relationships

Developmental Psychology What is the definition of developmental psychology? What are the 6 dimensions on which we develop as human beings? Why is studying developmental psychology important?

INFANCY

Developmental Psychology Infancy (2 weeks – 2 yrs) Physical Social Cognitive 2 month – lift head 2 month – 1st smile Sensorimotor – 5 senses / 3-6 months – roll over 6-9 month – separation anxiety motor skills 8 months – crawl solitary play vocab = 250 words 1 year – walk Erickson’s stages 1 & 2 Object Permanence Most Rapid Growth

Erickson & Infancy Trust vs Mistrust * Birth to 18 months (approximate) * Success = Having basic needs met * Critical Period EX. Needs comforting /minimal uncertainty to trust him/herself, others and the environment Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt * 18 months - 3 yrs (approximate) *Learn to master skills for ourselves *“Terrible Twos” - “NO!!!” - develops important skills of will Ex: If a toddler is not allowed to learn by doing, the toddler develops a sense of doubt in his/her abilities which may complicate later attempts at independence

Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years) Piaget & Infancy Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years) *Communicate and Learn through SENSES and MOTOR SKILLS *Thought derives from sensation and movement *Explores things that can be seen, felt, touched; develops motor skills

Freud and Infancy… Oral Stage (age 0 – 1 ½) *Nursing is a source of food AND love *Insufficient / Forceful feeding can result in fixation Symptoms of Oral Fixation *Smoking *Nail biting *Overeating *Drinking *Sarcasm (“the biting personality”) & verbal hostility *Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc