Welcome to Chemistry!
Objectives Class expectations Review class rules Define Chemistry Identify reasons why we study Chemistry Scientific Method
Class Expectations Be on time; prepared with binder, pen, pencil, calculator, and reference table (you will need all of these every single day!) Remain silent while I am explaining class material. There will be plenty of time for class discussions. Have homework assignments prepared for discussion or submission. Work! The effort you put in is directly related to your success in this class. You are responsible for your own success.
The Binder In this class you will need a three ring binder. You will receive a packet for every unit. That packet will consist of guided notes and worksheets. If you lose it, you will need to print a new one. Your binder should also contain your reference tables and some paper.
Other material… Scientific calculator. You may use your graphing calculator in class, however it will not be allowed during exams. It is not allowed during the Regents exam either. Pen and a Pencil Paper Highlighters, index cards Lab folders and test folders will stay with your teacher
Class Rules Show respect for everyone at all times. Act appropriate at all times. Chemicals can be extremely dangerous when not handled properly. Anyone who abuses the privilege to work with chemicals will be suspended from labs. Wear safety goggles at all times in the lab. Bathroom rule- You may excuse yourself during lecture, however bathroom privileges are based on classroom behavior. Please notify me if you are leaving the room during lab.
What is Chemistry? Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space. You don’t have to be able to see it and it can be living or non- living Examples: you, desk, I-pod, cell phone, air you breathe Chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events because matter is living and non-living
What are we, the Earth, and the starts made of? Our present answer is that there are about 100 different building blocks that explain the composition of the entire visible universe. This is the result of thousands of years, and countless experiments.
Today we know… So many different objects can be made from such a small amount of fundamental building blocks. (Elements) These fundamental particles are called ATOMS.
So then what did we used to think? The Greeks viewed matter as being composed of only four things: Fire Water Earth Air
Robert Boyle It wasn’t until the 1600’s, when Robert Boyle identified gold and silver as themselves being elements. They are not composed of fire, earth, air, or water.
Why Study Chemistry? Everyone and everything around us involves chemistry It explains our world Helps you make better, more informed decisions Possible career in your future (COLLEGE!!!) Used to attain a specific goal
Chemistry explains why… Apples turn brown after cutting Sugar dissolves faster in hot water Adding yeast to bread dough makes it rise People add salt to water when making pasta Plants release oxygen
Materials Chemists design materials to fit specific needs Velcro, perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick utensils, fiberglass… 2 different ways to view the world Macroscopic – large enough to see with the unaided eye Microscopic – can be seen only under magnification
Energy We need energy to meet the needs of our modern society The need is constantly increasing We can conserve, produce and store energy to help meet these demands Conserve – insulation! Production – oil from soybeans to make biodiesel Storage – rechargeable batteries
Medicines and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients Penicillin, aspirin, vitamin C , Antacids Artery transplants, and hip replacements Human Genome Project, recombinant DNA technology
Agriculture Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer more effective ways to protect crops Disease resistant plants Insecticides Plant growth hormone Conservation of water
The Environment Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution Pollutants need to be identified and prevented Lead paint Drinking water Carbon dioxide Ozone Global warming
The Universe Chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth Composition of plants Analyze moon rocks Planets atmospheres Life on other planets?
The Scientific Method A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions Starts with observation Noting and recording information and facts Hypothesis A proposed explanation for the observation Must be tested Developing theories Uses example of Flashlight not working? Observation Hypothesis – Batteries are dead Experiment – Replace batteries Experiment does not prove my hypothesis so I modify hypothesis to Replace light bulb and try experiment again
Steps in the Scientific Method Observations (uses your senses) Quantitative involves numbers such as 95 0Celsius Qualitative is a word description such as hot Leads to questions Formulating hypothesis Possible explanation for the observed set of facts Educated guess Performing Experiments Gather new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is valid
Scientific Method Controlled Experiments Designed to test the hypothesis Only two possible answers Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is refuted We gather data and observations by doing the experiment Modify the hypothesis if needed and repeat the process