End Show Slide 1 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

End Show Slide 2 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Patterns of Behavior

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 3 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How do environmental changes affect animal behavior? Behavioral Cycles

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 4 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 5 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Several species of reptiles and mammals are active during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during cold seasons. Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when food and other resources may not be available.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 6 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles One type of behavior that is influenced by changing seasons is migration, the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 7 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Between December and June, green sea turtles migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island. This migration allows the sea turtles to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 8 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Migratory Patterns of Sea Turtles

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 9 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are called circadian rhythms. Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is an example of a circadian rhythm.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 10 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship How does courtship increase an animal's evolutionary fitness?

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 11 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship To pass along its genes to the next generation, any animal that reproduces sexually needs to mate with another member of its species at least once. Courtship behavior is part of an overall reproductive strategy that helps many animals identify healthy mates.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 12 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to attract a member of the opposite sex.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 13 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals. A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating. Most rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 14 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior How do social behaviors increase an animal's evolutionary fitness?

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 15 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior When animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behavior. Many animals form societies, or groups of related animals of the same species that interact closely and cooperate.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 16 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Membership in a society offers great survival advantages. Zebras and other grazers band together when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 17 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Animal societies also use strength in numbers to: improve their ability to hunt. protect their territory. guard their young. fight with rivals.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 18 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Members of a society are often closely related to one another. Related individuals share a large proportion of each other's genes. Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 19 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Primates form some of the most complex societies known. Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt together, travel in search of new territory, and interact with neighboring societies.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 20 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Competition and Aggression Some animals have behaviors that prevent others from using limited resources. Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or territory, that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals. Territories contain resources that are necessary for an animal's survival and reproduction.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 21 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Competition and Aggression By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a distance. If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 22 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Competition and Aggression When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs. Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete. Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 23 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication How do animals communicate?

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 24 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved. Communication is the passing of information from one organism to another.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 25 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or chemical signals to communicate with one another.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 26 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Visual Signals Animals with good eyesight often use visual signals involving movement and color.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 27 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Chemical Signals Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals. Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate. Pheromones are chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 28 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Sound Signals Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound. Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems.

End Show 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Slide 29 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Language Language is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning. Only humans are known to use language.

End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 30 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2

End Show Slide 31 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Two examples of seasonal behavior are a.aggression and dormancy. b.migration and dormancy. c.migration and communication. d.migration and circadian rhythm.

End Show Slide 32 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of living in an animal society? a.protection from predators. b.protection of young. c.improved ability to hunt. d.elimination of competition.

End Show Slide 33 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 An animal that communicates by changing color probably has a.good hearing. b.a complex courtship ritual. c.good eyesight. d.language.

End Show Slide 34 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Many animals establish territories, which function as a.spaces where no other member of the species may enter. b.a defended area containing the resources necessary for survival. c.areas where members of all other animal species are kept out. d.areas where all members of a species may hunt for food.

End Show Slide 35 of 35 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 A pheromone is a chemical substance a.made in the brain to trigger a specific behavior. b.made by one species to communicate with animals of another species. c.made by one animal and used to communicate with another animal of the same species. d.used only to initiate reproductive behavior in animals.

END OF SECTION