1. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCourtship 1. Courtship Purpose: To pass along its genes to the next generation, animals must mate at least once. 2. Courtship Behavior: part of an overall reproductive strategy helps animals identify healthy mates. Individuals send out stimuli to attract members of the opposite sex. Stimuli may include: sounds visual displays chemicals

2. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCourtship In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals. 3. Ritual = series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating. 4. Most courtship rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMbDjNDD4cM

3. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 5. Social Behavior = interactions between members of the same species 6. Societies = groups of related animals that interact closely and cooperate. Related individuals share a large proportion of genes. Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring. Membership in a society offers great survival advantages.

4. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 6. Primates form some of the most complex societies. 7. Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies: hunt together travel in search of new territory interact with neighboring societies. Example: chimpanzee hunt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7XuXi3mqYM

5. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 8. Animal societies use strength in numbers to: improve their ability to hunt protect their territory fight with rivals guard their young provide protection from predators Bison and other grazers band together in herds when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCG1I-Ssgww

6. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCompetition and Aggression 9. Competition and Aggression Some animals have behaviors to prevent others from using limited resources. 10. Territorialism = behaviors used to protect a specific area. Keeps others at a distance. Protects resources needed for survival or reproduction Animals often mark territories to signal others to keep out. If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away. Example: Marking Territory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4j2MjMdAJE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4j2MjMdAJE

7. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCompetition and Aggression 11. When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs. Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQCYxYW1IBw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQCYxYW1IBw 12. Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Example: Ibex Fight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBdvW_xpGyA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBdvW_xpGyA

8. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 13. Communication = the passing of information from one organism to another. When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved

9. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 14. Communication signals may include: Visual including movements sound touch chemicals 15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsMbn3b1Bis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsMbn3b1Bis Behavior that affects the behavior of another animal or organism Plants use pheromones to attract pollinators Examples: bees and whales

10. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 16. Examples: Bees: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg Sound, movement, pheromones Whales: Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound. Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsQnRnE-W8A

11. 34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 17. Chemical Signals Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals. Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate. 18. Pheromones = chemical signals that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. Examples: Ants: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcHt5n3NGK0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcHt5n3NGK0 Funny stinky animals: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpCEtMHJ6mA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpCEtMHJ6mA

12. 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication 19. Language = a system of communication that combines: sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning. 20. Only humans are known to use language. http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_on_language _and_thought.html