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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Photo Credit: ©OSF/LILLIE, Peter/Animals Animals Enterprises
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Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral Cycles
Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior.
Several species of reptiles and mammals are active during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during cold seasons.
Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when food and other resources may not be available by reducing metabolic needs.
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Behavioral Cycles
One type of behavior that is influenced by changing seasons is migration, the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again.
Animals that migrate include species of birds, sea turtles, butterflies, and whales.
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Behavioral Cycles
Between December and June, green sea turtles migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island.
This migration allows the sea turtles to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions.
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Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are called circadian rhythms.
Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is an example of a circadian rhythm.
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Courtship
Courtship
To pass along its genes to the next generation, any animal that reproduces sexually needs to mate with another member of its species at least once.
Courtship behavior is part of an overall reproductive strategy that helps many animals identify healthy mates.
In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to attract a member of the opposite sex.
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Courtship
In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals.
A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating.
Most rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs.
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Social Behavior
Social Behavior
When animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behavior.
Many animals form societies, or groups of related animals of the same species that interact closely and cooperate.
Membership in a society offers great survival advantages.
Zebras and other grazers band together when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.
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Social Behavior
Animal societies also use strength in numbers to:
improve their ability to hunt.
protect their territory.
guard their young.
fight with rivals.
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Social Behavior
Members of a society are often closely related to one another.
Related individuals share a large proportion of each other's genes.
Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring.
Thus, social behavior that helps a relative survive and reproduce improves an individual’s evolutionary fitness.
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Social Behavior
Primates form some of the most complex societies known.
Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt together, travel in search of new territory, and interact with neighboring societies.
A great deal of what we know about primate societies comes from the work of Jane Goodall, who spent thousands of hours observing chimps in their natural environment.
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12. Competition and Aggression
Some animals have behaviors that prevent others from using limited resources.
Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or territory, that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals.
Territories contain resources that are necessary for an animal's survival and reproduction.
By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a distance.
If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away.
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13. Competition and Aggression
When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs.
Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete.
Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another.
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Communication
Communication
When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved.
Communication is the passing of information from one organism to another.
Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or chemical signals to communicate with one another.
The specific techniques that animals use depend on the types of stimuli their senses can detect.
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Communication
Visual Signals
Animals with good eyesight often use visual signals involving movement and color.
Cuttlefish have large eyes and can undergo changes in the colors and patterns on its body. Its skin can become bumpy and full of spines, or smooth.
Their visual displays function in defense, hunting, mating, warning, and perhaps other forms of communication not yet known.
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Communication
Chemical Signals 
Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals.
Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate.
Pheromones are chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species.
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Communication
Sound Signals  
Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound.
Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems.
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Communication
Language - the most complex form of communication
Language is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning, such as grammar and syntax.
Only humans are known to use language.
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34-2
Two examples of seasonal behavior are
aggression and dormancy.
migration and dormancy.
migration and communication.
migration and circadian rhythm.
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34-2
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of living in an animal society?
protection from predators.
protection of young.
improved ability to hunt.
elimination of competition.
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34-2
An animal that communicates by changing color probably has
good hearing.
a complex courtship ritual.
good eyesight.
language.
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34-2
Many animals establish territories, which function as
spaces where no other member of the species may enter.
a defended area containing the resources necessary for survival.
areas where members of all other animal species are kept out.
areas where all members of a species may hunt for food.
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34-2
A pheromone is a chemical substance
made in the brain to trigger a specific behavior.
made by one species to communicate with animals of another species.
made by one animal and used to communicate with another animal of the same species.
used only to initiate reproductive behavior in animals.
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