American Indians USI.3 4/22/2017

Lesson 1 Archaeologists

SOL USI.3a: Describing how archaeologists have recovered material evidence of ancient settlements including Cactus Hill

Essential Question

What do I Need to Know?

Archaeologists study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.

Scientists are not in agreement as to when and how people entered the Western Hemisphere.

Cactus Hill is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia.

Evidence that humans lived at Cactus Hill as early as 15,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest sites in North America.

Location of Cactus Hill, 70 km (45 miles) south of Richmond, Virginia    

 Archaeologist Joseph McAvoy (right) and Lynn McAvoy work at Cactus Hill.

The Cactus Hill site

The Cactus Hill stratigraphy

Samples of pre-Clovis stone tools from the lowest (oldest) level of the Cactus Hill Site.

Location of American Indians Lesson 2 Location of American Indians

USI.3a: locate where the American Indians lived. SOL USI.3a: locate where the American Indians lived.

How do people use the physical environment to meet their basic needs? Essential Question How do people use the physical environment to meet their basic needs?

Geographic Features Geographic features like the land, rivers, and climate influence where humans settled.

What Do I Need To Know? The physical features of a region such as climate and natural resources affect how humans meet their basic needs.

Anticipation Guide (HOOK) 1. How did people get to North America from Asia and why did they come? Where did they settle? How did they determine what they would use for shelter and clothing? What types of homes did they live in? What did they wear? How did they adapt (adjust) to their surroundings?

Early Migration How did the First Americans get here? Ice Age Bering Strait Land Bridge

Beringia land bridge: possible migration route

Bering Strait Bering evolution

American Indians Prior to the arrival of Europeans, American Indians were dispersed across different environments in North America.

USI.3A – GROUPS & LOCATION OF EACH KWAKIUTL “Indian” (1)

Inuit Inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada Lived in Arctic areas (below freezing much of the year)

Inuit Dress warm The walrus, seal, and other fur-bearing sea mammals supply food and clothing. Caribou was hunted in the summer. Lived in igloos.

THE INUIT (Eskimo – “eaters of raw meat”) Homes were Igloos, made of ice blocks Lived in Alaska & Northern Canada Ate reindeer & sea animals Wore furs and feathers

Eskimo (Inuit) Igloo

Kwakiutl Pacific Northwest coast Rainy mild climate Fishing and hunting (could catch enough fish during the summer for the whole winter).

Kwakiutl Plank Houses with totem poles

THE KWAKIUTL Lived in WA, OR, & Northern CA Lived in plank houses Wore plants, animal skin, natural fibers, etc. Ate fish and water fowl

Sioux/Lakota Interior of the United States (Great Plains) Dry grasslands Lived in tepees

The plains area was hotter than 100° in the summer and could get to 40° below zero in the winter. Horses Hunted buffalo

THE SIOUX/LAKOTA Lived in tepees Lived on the Great Plains Ate buffalo meat Wore hides, etc.

Pueblo The Pueblo were in the Southwest Present-day New Mexico and Arizona. Desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains.

Pueblo Homes made out of sand and adobe. They were farmers.

THE PUEBLO Anasazi? Ate “3 sisters”: corn, beans, & squash Lived in adobe houses or cliff dwellings 4 Corners Region of US Also ate rabbits & deer

Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico

Pueblo Indians

Anasazi cliff dwellers

Cliff dwellers

Iroquois Northeast North America Eastern Woodland Heavily forested Farmers who lived in longhouses or wigwams.

THE IROQUOIS Eastern Woodlands Indians Ate beans, corn, & squash Lived in “Longhouses”

Iroquois longhouse

Iroquois people

Location! Location! Location!

Conclusion Members of these tribes live in their homelands and in many areas of North America today.

Write to Learn Describe one of the tribes of American Indians. Include type of home, food source, clothing, etc.

How American Indians Used Their Environment Lesson 3 How American Indians Used Their Environment

SOL Describe how the American Indians used the resources in their environment.

How do people use the physical environment to meet their basic needs? Essential Question How do people use the physical environment to meet their basic needs?

What Do I Need to Know? The physical features of a region such as climate and natural resources affect how humans meet their basic needs.

In the past, American Indians fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Their shelter was made of resources found in their environment (e.g. sod, stones, animal skins, wood)

Types of Resources Natural Resources: come directly from nature American Indians fished in rivers, hunted animals, and grew crops

Types of Resources Human Resources: People working to produce goods and services American Indians who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals were examples of human resources

Types of Resources Capital Resources: goods produced and used to make other goods and services The canoes, bows, and spears were examples of capital resources

USI.3B

Write to Learn What did the American Indians use to get their food, clothing, and shelter.

Quick Quiz USI.3

1. How did the American Indians get to North America from Asia? Land Bridge over the Bering Strait

Who lives in the Artic areas of Alaska? Inuit

Where did the Inuits get their food and clothing? fur-bearing sea mammals

4. What type of climate is on the Northwest coast? Rainy, mild

Who lives on the Pacific Northwest coast? Kwakiutl

What jobs did the Kwakiutl do? hunting and fishing

What types of houses did the Kwakiutl live in? plank houses

Who lives in the Great Plains? Sioux

What type of climate is in the Great Plains? dry grasslands

What animal was very important to the survival of the Sioux? buffalo

What type of homes did the Sioux live in? tepees

Who lived in the desert areas of New Mexico? Pueblo

What were the homes of the pueblo made of? adobe clay

How did the Pueblo meet their basic needs with food? farming, hunting

Who lived in the heavily forested areas of Northeast North America? Iroquois (Eastern Woodland)

What type of homes did the Iroquois live in? longhouses

The Iroquois meet their basic needs by hunting, fishing, farming

What kind of resource comes from nature? Natural Resource

19. People who fished or made clothing is an example of what type of resource? Human Resource

Canoes, bows, and spears are example of what resource? Capital Resource