Exploring advanced learners' beliefs about teaching and learning English grammar: Insights form interview data 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Lisbon, Portugal, November 2010 Mirosław Pawlak Adam Mickiewicz University, Kalisz

Presentation outline importance of form-focused instruction (FFI) current controversies in form-focused instruction importance of learners' beliefs about FFI previous research into learners' beliefs concerning FFI aims and research questions subjects, data collection and analysis research findings and discussion conclusions and implications

Importance of formal instruction traditional grammar teaching (Doughty 1998) non-interventionist approaches and zero grammar option (Krashen 1985, Prabhu 1987) revival of interest in grammar teaching in the last two decades – Long's (1991) concept of focus on form theoretical support for form-focused instruction – the Noticing Hypothesis (Schmidt 1990), the Interaction Hypothesis (Long 1996), the Output Hypothesis (Swain 1995) or Skill-Learning Theory (DeKeyser 1998, 2003) the findings of numerous studies of FFI (e.g. Ellis 2008, Larsen-Freeman 2010)

Current controversies current areas of controversy surrounding form-focused instruction (Ellis 2006; Nassaji and Fotos 2007): choosing the structures to be taught timing of pedagogic intervention intensity of grammar teaching the place of grammar in the curriculum most beneficial techniques in teaching grammar for explicit and implicit knowledge (deduction vs. induction, output- based vs. input-oriented teaching, different types of error corrective feedback) learners' contributions to learning grammar or the use of grammar learning strategies

Importance of learner beliefs learner beliefs as an important individual difference variable in L2 learning (Dörnyei 2005; Ellis 2008) such beliefs are important because they underlie actual classroom behaviors to a large extent (Grotjahn 1991) beliefs have been related to strategy use, motivation, proficiency, anxiety and autonomy (Mori 1999) learner beliefs are likely to influence teacher classroom practices (Burgess and Etherington 2002; Borg 2003) importance of research into learner beliefs about FFI crosscultural differences in perceptions of FFI

Research into learner beliefs main focus on investigating teachers' beliefs about various aspects FFI (Burgess and Etherington 2002; Borg 2003; Pawlak 2006; Pawlak and Droździał-Szelest 2007) investigating crosscultural differences in beliefs about FFI (McCargar 1993; Schulz 2001) a study into beliefs about grammar instruction and error correction conducted by Loewen et al. (2009) exploring Asian students' beliefs about grammar teaching (Pazaver and Wang 2009) beliefs about isolated and integrated FFI investigated in a study conducted by Spada et al. (2009)

Aims and research questions the study sought to investigate the beliefs about grammar learning and teaching held by Polish learners of English more precisely, it aimed to explore their perceptions of FFI in such areas as areas as: overall importance of FFI, also with reference to specific skills choice of syllabus type (structural vs. task-based) design of lessons devoted to FFI (separation vs. integration) introducing grammar structures (deduction vs. induction) practicing grammar structures (controlled vs. communicative practice, input-based vs. output-based options) ways of dealing with grammar errors (timing, source) the role of grammar learning strategies

Design of the study the subjects were 40 students of English philology Polish (F – 28, M – 12) – representing year 1 (12), 2 (16) and 3 (12) in a BA program experience in learning English was about 10 years the subjects' level of proficiency varied from B2 to C1 and they had received some training in EFL methodology the data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews which focused on the areas mentioned above the participants were allowed to use English or Polish in the course of the interviews the interviews were recorded and analyzed qualitatively

Findings of the study the majority of the participants were convinced of the overall importance of FFI Grammar is important because thanks to it you can express your ideas more accurately and precisely. Grammar is very important for us because we will be teachers of English and have to know what we teach. It also helps us write academic papers. When I speak to native speakers, the knowledge of grammar helps me avoid errors. only three subjects expressed doubts about the role of grammar teaching and learning I know from experience that grammar is not very important for successful communication.

Findings of the study the participants were in favor of a structural rather than task-based syllabus, although they saw some role for the latter in some of their practical English classes We have to be taught and practice all the structures because only then do we know how the system works. That's how I was taught in high school and it helped me get where I am. You cannot only focus on problematic areas because different students have problems with something else. Grammar classes have to follow a structural syllabus but perhaps a task-based one would be useful in our conversation classes or integrated skills classes. there were differences between levels in the program

Findings of the study when it comes to the design of grammar-based lessons, the students saw a place for the PPP as well as the application of communicative tasks It is important for the teacher to make it clear which point of grammar is being studied as it allows me to practice the structure at home in my own time. It is best when the teacher explains the structure and only then are we asked to do exercises. There is always a need to use the structure we are taught during communicative tasks because otherwise we will not be able to use them in fast speech. We very often study difficult structures but do not develop the ability to use them in real time and this is what grammar should be for.

Findings of the study as regards the introduction of grammar structures, the learners favored deduction over induction I don't like to discover rules on my own because I feel I can be wrong and it certainly hampers my learning. There is too little time to discover rules sometimes. I prefer to be given the rule and use it right away in exercises and tasks. when it comes to practice, there was a preference for traditional exercises, although some learners stressed the need for communication It is often about doing exercises (paraphrasing, filling the gaps) and we do not use it in real-life communication; we practice grammar structures that are not used

Findings of the study the students favored immediate, explicit correction of their grammar errors It is best when the teacher corrects the errors in grammar immediately because then I know what I did wrong. I like to know what I do wrong even when I speak, but teachers should only indicate errors and allow me to continue. the students reported the use of very traditional grammar learning strategies and only a few were more creative I use only strategies such as memorizing rules and studying examples and doing exercises. Making drawings representing given structures.

Conclusions and implications overall perceptions of FFI √importance of grammar instruction and error correction √structural syllabus and PPP favored but the role of using grammar structures in communication emphasized √deduction favored and various forms of practice stressed √premium placed on provision of immediate corrective feedback √the role of the teacher emphasized √the ways of learning mirror the ways of teaching there is a need to lay more emphasis on the application of grammar in communication there is a place for the structural and task-based syllabus the need for skilful provision of corrective feedback appropriate GLS should be fostered

Thank you!!!