True or False People everywhere return favors. The DNA in chimpanzees is 99.4 % the same as that in humans. Even complex human traits are determined by a single gene Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than ordinary brothers and sisters. Adoptee’s traits such as extroversion and agreeableness bear more similarities to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents Child neglect and abuse and even parental divorce are rare in adoptive homes. Eating disorders are primarily a contemporary Western cultural phenomenon. If after a worldwide catastrophe only Icelanders or Kenyans survived, the human species would suffer a huge reduction in its genetic diversity Men judge women as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance, and women prefer men who are mature, dominant, and affluent. A culture with gender equality is a culture with larger gender differences in mate preferences

Unit 3C: Biological Bases of Behavior: Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior

Unit Overview Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences

Introduction LO #1 behavior genetics heredity vs. the environment

Chromosomes 23 from egg and 23 from sperm combine at conception into how many pairs?

Genes: Our Codes for Life chromosome DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genes active (expressed) vs. inactive genome

Video: Ethics in Human Research: Violating One’s Privacy Vol Video: Ethics in Human Research: Violating One’s Privacy Vol. 1, DVD1 (An Introduction to Psychological Science) Clip #3, 7:00

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins identical twins (mono-zygotic) fraternal twins (di-zygotic)

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic di-zygotic

Twin and Adoption Studies Identical vs. Fraternal Twins mono-zygotic di-zygotic

Identical vs. Fraternal: You make the call!

Twin and Adoption Studies Separated Twins, p. 97 U of MN studies on identical twins separated at birth (Jim and his brother Jim) anecdotal evidence (coincidental similarities) “virtual twins” (same-age biologically unrelated siblings)

Twin and Adoption Studies Biological vs. Adoptive Relatives* genetic relatives, p. 99 (biological parents and siblings) environmental relatives (adoptive parents and siblings) *Are adoptees more like biological parents (who contributed their genes) or adoptive parents (who contribute a home environment)?

Exercise: Striking Similarities, p. 5 Striking similarities have sometimes been found between twins who are reunited after years of separation. Genetics or Chance? Pair off. Distribute handout Handout 3C-2. In less than five minutes, discover how many similarities you and partner can discover (don’t worry about differences).

Video: Nature vs. Nurture: Growing Up Apart DVD 1 “Nature and Nurture” #9, p. 20

Heritability LO #2 heritability “difference among individuals”

Heritability Group Differences Heritable differences between individuals does NOT imply heritable group differences, p. 100

Heritability Nature and Nurture, p. 101 influence of adaptation (calloused feet) nature and nurture work together (chameleon) genes are self-regulating (genes react)

Gene-Environment Interaction genes and experience interact (pretty baby vs. ugly baby) evocative interactions Examples: Calm teacher gets angry with disruptive student. Parents discipline siblings differently.

The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics LO #3 molecular genetics molecular behavior genetics goal: to find genes that influence normal human traits to explore mechanisms that control gene expression genetics and diseases (to isolate genes that cause disorders)

Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature

Natural Selection and Adaptation LO #4 evolutionary psychology natural selection mutation adaptation fitness

Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Behaviors that contribute to survival are found throughout cultures

Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Outdated Tendencies Genetic traits which helped our ancestors survive may harm us today p. 105

“the Second Darwinian Revolution” Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities Evolutionary Psychology Today “the Second Darwinian Revolution”

studies suggesting men have a stronger tendency towards sex An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Gender Differences in Sexuality LO #5 studies suggesting men have a stronger tendency towards sex (study of adolescent males)

Differing preferences in partners An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Natural Selection and Mating Preferences Differing preferences in partners male preferences female preferences (read p. 106)

Video: Evolutionary Psychology and Sex Differences Vol Video: Evolutionary Psychology and Sex Differences Vol. 2, DVD (The Developing Person, Clip 112, 4:10 min.)

Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective LO #6 Backward theorizing, p. 107 Impact of social influence determinism moral responsibility rationalizing

September 2, 2008 Dear Mr. Welch, I’m at UW Milwaukee and am taking a Psych 101 class. I was reading through the homework and came across this explanation of behavior according to evolutionary psychology: Theorists claim that we have the ability to lie because our ancestors who could lie had an advantage: they could trick their naive companions into giving up resources. These more devious ancestors had more children who survived than did their non-lying contemporaries, and their lying children had more children, and so on until the ability to lie was inborn in all members of our species. Just thought you might like to laugh at this attempt to explain sin. Enjoy! God bless, Megen Bejvan

Three Current “Life” Issues Abortion Cloning Euthanasia

When cloning goes bad pics

“So, when’s the test gonna be?”

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Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

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Definition Slides

Behavior genetics = the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Environment = every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

Chromosomes = threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) = a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Genes = the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.

Genome = the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes.

Identical Twins = twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically-identical organisms.

Fraternal Twins = twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

Heritability = the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Interaction = the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity).

Molecular Genetics = the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.

Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind,using principles of natural selection.

Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Mutation = the random error in gene replication that leads to a change.