1. The Endocrine System Endocrine System
the body’s “slow” chemical communication system
a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

2. Neural and Hormonal Systems
Hormones
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
Adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] Glands
a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys
secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress
Pituitary Gland
under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

3. UNIT III: THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR
Part three:
GENETICS

4. Genes: Our Biological Blueprint NATURE…
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

5. GENES: Our Biological Blueprint NATURE…
biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism
consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes

6. Genes: Their Location and Composition
Nucleus
Chromosome
Gene
Cell
DNA

7. Evolutionary Psychology the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Natural Selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Mutations
random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides
the source of all genetic diversity

8. Behavior Genetics study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior:
Environment: every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Behavior often is species specific. (Feeding behaviors/Mating behaviors are used to differentiate bird species)
Behaviors often breed true. We can reproduce behaviors in successive generations of organisms (instinctive retrieval behavior of yellow Labrador/herding posture of a border collie

9. Environmental Influence
Experience affects brain development
Impoverished
environment
Rat brain
cell
Enriched

10. Behavior Genetics Identical Twins Fraternal Twins
Identical
twins
Fraternal
Same
sex only
Same or
opposite sex
Identical Twins
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
Fraternal Twins
develop from separate eggs
genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
/Separated-Twins

11. Behavior Genetics Temperament Heritability
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

12. Environmental Influence
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

13. Environmental Influence
Personal Space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
Memes
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person: current examples???

14. Evolutionary Psychology
Gender: in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
How can male/female behavior be explained by evolutionary psychology? (Which traits have persisted through 2011 and which might persist through 3011 and why?)

15. Evolutionary Psychology
Men preferred attractive physical features suggesting youth and health
Women preferred resources and social status
Siince this is so widespread cross-culturally,
is it must be more nature than nurture?

16. The Nature and Nurture of Gender What is the stronger influence on our gender behaviors: Nature or Nurture and why?
X Chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women
females have two; males have one
an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
Y Chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in men
when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
How does our chromosomal make-up determine or influence our behavior?

17. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones
both males and females have it
additional testosterone in males stimulates:
growth of male sex organs in the fetus
development of male sex characteristics during puberty
(Male/Female brains)

18. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position
defining how those in the position ought to behave
Gender Role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females
Gender Identity
one’s sense of being male or female
Gender-typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
Gender roles & kids

19. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Gender and Culture

20. The Nature and Nurture of Gender

21. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Social Learning Theory
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Gender Schema Theory
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
Use one of the theories above to describe two behaviors you see daily (one male behavior and one female behavior)

22. The Nature and Nurture of Gender
Two theories of gender typing