RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES EEE415

Unit 1: Introduction Electric energy from conventional sources (thermal, hydro and nuclear). Indian energy scenario Environmental and economic aspects of renewable energy.

Unit2 : Solar Energy Solar thermal energy collector: flat plate collector, types of concentrating collectors. Solar thermal energy conversion systems: Solar water heating, solar distillation, solar air heaters, solar thermal power plant. Solar photovoltaic system, Solar photovoltaic power plant.

Unit3: Wind Energy Classification of wind turbines, types of rotors, terms used in wind energy. Wind energy extraction, extraction of wind turbine power, wind characteristics, wind power generation curve, wind turbine generator. Wind energy farm, estimation of wind energy potential, wind resource assessment in India, advantages and disadvantages of wind energy system.

Unit4: Small Hydro Power Power equation, classification of small hydro power, classification of water turbines: Francis, Kaplan and Pelton. Layout and major components of small hydro power projects: High/medium head and low head projects. Global scenario of small hydro, Small hydro power in India, Economic viability of small hydro power.

Unit 5: Biomass Energy and Other Sources Biomass resources, biomass conversion technologies, biogas plants: Floating drum and fixed-dome types, biomass resource development in India, environment benefits. Introduction to geothermal energy and ocean energy. Introduction to hybrid and distributed energy systems.

Text Books D.P. Kothari, K.C. Singal and Rakesh Ranjan.,”Renewable Energy Sources and Emerging Technologies”, Second Edition, PHI Learning, References : G.S. Sawhney.,”Non-conventional Energy Resources”,PHI Learning, 2012 William k.H., “The Renewable Energy Handbook: A guide to rural energy independence, off-grid and sustainable energy”, Aztext Press, 2003 Sorensen B., “Renewable Energy”, Elsevier, 2004

Introduction Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

9 Non-Renewable Energy Sources Conventional – Petroleum – Natural Gas – Coal – Nuclear Unconventional (examples) – Oil Shale – Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment

Energy Conversion Processes A large array of energy conversion processes occur in nature Man is capable of performing a number of addition processes using a variety of devices (or processes) Usually more than one form of energy will emerge due to the action of a device Many devices perform a number of conversion processes: e.g. : power plant Power Plant: Chemical -> heat -> mechanical -> electrical

Primary and Secondary Energy Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, tidal power and hydroelectric power. The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be used without the release of harmful pollutants. Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete with time.

14 Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy sources are natural sources of energy that can be replenished in a short period of time. Solar photo-voltaics Solar thermal power Wind Hydropower Biomass Ocean energy Geothermal Waste to Energy

Wind 21, MW Small Hydro 3, MW Solar 2,743 MW Biomass 4, MW Total 32, MW 22 Power Installed Capacity = GW As of 31 st August, 2014 Renewable Power Capacity ResourcePotential (MW)Cumulative achievement Wind49,500(50m hub height) 102,800(80m hub height) 21, Small Hydro(up to 25MW)19,7003, Biomass including bagasse cogeneration 22,5004, Solar50MWp/km 2 2,743MW Renewable Power Projects Potential

Renewable Energy: Historic Trends and Growth Enablers 23 Power restructuring and national guidelines on tariff, inter-connection and third party sales Electricity Act 2003 NEP, 2005 SERC to determine preferential tariff Promote private sector participation in RE NAPCC guidelines CERC RE Tariff Regulation and JNNSM guidelines REC Regulation JNNSM Phase II guidelines

24 Indian Power Sector Long Term Trends India is 3 rd largest economy 1 Potentially 3rd largest electricity market globally By Estimated to be the fastest growing economy In the world by Source: (1) World Bank; (2) International Energy Outlook 2006; (3) Report of Working Group on Power for Eleventh Plan ( ) Indian Power Sector characterized by huge energy shortages (3)

MAJOR REASONS FOR POWER SECTOR ILLS  Inadequate power generation capacity;  Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity;  Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer;  Inadequate inter-regional transmission links;  Huge T&D losses (theft) and skewed tariff structure, making SEBs unviable.

Institutional Framework Central Power Organization NJPCNTPC NHPC NEEPCO PLANNING COMMISSION NRB AECNPC MINISTRY OF POWER STATE GOVERNMENT DEPT. OF ATOMIC ENERGY NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL MINES ENERGY MANAGEMENT CENTRE NPTI CPRI GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PFC REC PGCILTHDC CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY DVC CERC

Power Sector Institutions (Pre 1990) InstitutionFunctions CEA1950Arbitration, Advice, Power Policy CPRI1960Power Engineering Research Equipment Testing and Certification REC1969Finance and Planning for Rural Electrification MOEF1974Policy, Legislation NTPC1975Thermal Power Generation NHPC1975Hydro Power Generation PFC1986Finance for Power Projects, T&D and Renovation PGCIL1989Regional Grid Monitoring, Transfer of Power, Transmission Line Construction EMC1989Energy Conservation Information, Research,Training

State Power Organization PRIVATE SECTOR LICENSEES STATE ELECTRICITY BOARDS STATE ELECTRICITY DEPARTMENTS STATE ELECTRICITY INSPECTION ORGANISATION MINISTRY OR DEPARTMENT OF POWER STATE GOVERNMENT SERC