The Anicent Chinese and Mongolian Empires 2000BC to 1350AD CHAPTER 2, SECTION 4 River Dynasties in China CHAPTER 4, SECTION 2 The Unification of China CHAPTER 7, SECTION 3 Han Empire Restores China Tang and Song China CHAPTER 12, SECTION 1 These are my notes for slide 2 CHAPTER 12, SECTION 2 The Mongol Conquests CHAPTER 12, SECTION 3 The Mongol Empire NEXT

River Dynasties in China Chapter 2, Section 4 River Dynasties in China Early rulers introduce ideas about government and society that shape Chinese civilization. NEXT

River Dynasties in China SECTION 4 River Dynasties in China The Geography of China Barriers Isolate China • Ocean, mountains, deserts isolate China from other areas River Systems • Huang He (“Yellow River”) in north, Yangtze in south • Huang He leaves loess—fertile silt—when it floods Environmental Challenges • Huang He floods can devour whole villages • Geographic isolation means lack of trade; must be self-sufficient China’s Heartland • North China Plain, area between two rivers, center of civilization NEXT

Civilization Emerges in Shang Times SECTION 4 Civilization Emerges in Shang Times The First Dynasties • Around 2000 B.C. cities arise; Yu, first ruler of Xia Dynasty • Yu’s flood control systems tames Huang He (“Yellow River”) • Shang Dynasty, 1700 to 1027 B.C., first to leave written records Early Cities • Built cities of wood, such as Anyang—one of its capital cities • Upper class lives inside city; poorer people live outside • Shang cities have massive walls for military defense NEXT

The Development of Chinese Culture SECTION 4 The Development of Chinese Culture Chinese Civilization • Sees China as center of world; views others as uncivilized • The group is more important than the individual Family • Family is central social institution; respect for parents a virtue • Elder males control family property • Women expected to obey all men, even sons Social Classes • King and warrior-nobles lead society and own the land Continued . . . NEXT

Development of Writing SECTION 4 continued The Development of Chinese Culture Religious Beliefs • Spirits of dead ancestors can affect family fortunes • Priests scratch questions on animal bones and tortoise shells • Oracle bones used to consult gods; supreme god, Shang Di Development of Writing • Writing system uses symbols to represent syllables; not ideas • People of different languages can use same system • Huge number of characters make system difficult to learn NEXT

Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle SECTION 4 Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle The Zhou Take Control • In 1027 B.C., Zhou Dynasty takes control of China Mandate of Heaven • Mandate of Heaven—the belief that a just ruler had divine approval • Developed as justification for change in power to Zhou • Dynastic cycle—pattern of the rise and decline of dynasties Control Through Feudalism • Feudalism—system where kings give land to nobles in exchange for services • Over time, nobles grow in power and begin to fight each other Continued . . . NEXT

Improvements in Technology and Trade SECTION 4 continued Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle Improvements in Technology and Trade • Zhou Dynasty builds roads, canals to improve transportation • Uses coins to make trade easier • Produces cast iron tools and weapons; food production increases A Period of Warring States • Peaceful, stable Zhou empire rules from around 1027 to 256 B.C. • In 771 B.C., nomads sack the Zhou capital, murder monarch • Luoyang becomes new capital; but internal wars destroy traditions NEXT

The Unification of China Chapter 4, Section 4 The Unification of China The social disorder of the warring states contributes to the development of three Chinese ethical systems. NEXT

The Unification of China SECTION 4 The Unification of China Confucius and the Social Order Zhou Dynasty • Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near end of dynasty Confucius Urges Harmony • End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder • Scholar Confucius wants to restore order, harmony, good government • Stresses developing good relationships, including family • Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and ancestors • Hopes to reform society by promoting good government Continued . . . NEXT

Confucian Ideas About Government SECTION 4 continued Confucius and the Social Order Confucian Ideas About Government • Thinks education can transform people • Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy, a trained civil service • Confucianism is an ethical system of right and wrong, not a religion • Chinese government and social order is based on Confucianism NEXT

Other Ethical Systems Daoists Seek Harmony Legalists Urge Harsh Rule SECTION 4 Other Ethical Systems Daoists Seek Harmony • Laozi teaches that people should follow the natural order of life • Believes that universal force called Dao guides all things • Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and be free of desire • Daoists influence sciences, alchemy, astronomy, medicine Legalists Urge Harsh Rule • Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore order; stifles criticism • Teaches that obedience should be rewarded, disobedience punished Continued . . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued Other Ethical Systems I Ching and Yin and Yang • I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice, common sense • Concept of yin and yang—two powers represent rhythm of universe • Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm, bright, hard, clear • I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into the world NEXT

The Qin Dynasty Unifies China SECTION 4 The Qin Dynasty Unifies China The Qin Dynasty • Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third century B.C. A New Emperor Takes Control • Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting, conquers new lands • Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin officials • With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books • Establishes an autocracy, a government with unlimited power Continued . . . NEXT

A Program of Centralization SECTION 4 continued The Qin Dynasty Unifies China A Program of Centralization • Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects; increases trade • Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and measures • Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive government Great Wall of China • Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep out invaders The Fall of the Qin • Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel leader; Han Dynasty begins NEXT

Han Emperors in China Section 3 The Han Dynasty expands China’s borders and develops a system of government that lasts for centuries. NEXT

Han Emperors in China The Han Restore Unity to China Troubled Empire SECTION 3 Han Emperors in China The Han Restore Unity to China Troubled Empire • In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh labor, rebel Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty • Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and founds Han Dynasty • Han Dynasty—begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400 years • Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people, culture • Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a central authority rules • Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to keep people happy Continued . . . NEXT

The Empress Lü The Martial Emperor SECTION 3 continued The Han Restore Unity to China The Empress Lü • Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control of empire • Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him • Palace plots and power plays occur throughout Han Dynasty The Martial Emperor • Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to 87 B.C. • “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu (nomads) and mountain tribes • Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as what is now Vietnam NEXT

A Highly Structured Society SECTION 3 A Highly Structured Society Emperor’s Role • Chinese believe their emperor has authority to rule from god • Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles reveal poor rule Structures of Han Government • Complex bureaucracy runs Han government • People pay taxes and supply labor, military service • Government uses peasant labor to carry out public projects Continued . . . NEXT

Confucianism, the Road to Success SECTION 3 continued A Highly Structured Society Confucianism, the Road to Success • Wudi’s government employs 130,000; bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs • Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained through examinations • Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge of Confucianism • Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to train them • Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive schooling • Civil service system works well, continues until 1912 NEXT

Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture SECTION 3 Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life • Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread education • Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve farming Agriculture Versus Commerce • As population grows, farming regarded as important activity • Government allows monopolies—control by one group over key industries • Techniques for producing silk become state secret as profits increase NEXT

The Han Unifies Chinese Culture SECTION 3 The Han Unifies Chinese Culture Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule • To unify empire, Chinese government encourages assimilation • Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into Chinese culture • Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars • Most women work in the home and on the farm • Some upper-class women are educated, run shops, practice medicine NEXT

The Fall of the Han and Their Return SECTION 3 The Fall of the Han and Their Return The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor • Large landowners gain control of more and more land • Gap between rich and poor increases Wang Mang Overthrows the Han • Economic problems and weak emperors cause political instability • In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes empire • Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon regain control The Later Han Years • Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until A.D. 220 NEXT