Structures of Eukaryotic Cells -Nucleus -Nucleolus -Mitochondria -Chloroplast -Ribosomes -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Golgi bodies -Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Plastids -Cytoskeleton

Nucleus: 1.-Brain of cell / the cell’s control center 2.- Contains DNA -has code for making all proteins/traits of cell 3.-Surrounded by another membrane/nuclear envelope 4.-contains pores for items to move in and out.

Nuclear Envelope: -outside of nucleus, studded with pores Nucleolus: -circular structure within nucleus -makes ribosomes Nucleoplasm: -cytoplasm inside the nucleus

Chromatin: 1.-loosely coiled DNA found within the nucleus -each human cell has 46 pieces of DNA 2.-can tightly coil into a bow tie shaped “chromosome”

Chromosomes are made up of genes. Genes: -segments of DNA which code for specific proteins These proteins determine our traits.

Mitochondria: 1. -cell’s powerhouse 2. -the place were the cell converts food and oxygen into energy. 3. -found in all eukaryotic cells~plant-like and animal like.

4. -site of cellular respiration sugar + oxygen  ATP energy + carbon dioxide + water Form of energy used by a cell to do “work”. -12 to 1000 mitochondria per cell -plant cells have less than animal cells. Why? -less active -require less energy -Which cells in our body would have the most mitochondria? -muscle cells ~ very active

Mitochondria are made up of 2 membranes: -outer membrane -inner membranes known as cristae.

Cristae increase the surface area so more energy can be produced without taking up too much room. Analogy: verses 1000 people living in a 5 mile radius 1000 people living in a building that occupies one square block

Chloroplast: - Found only in plant-like cells -site of photosynthesis Sun + CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

CHLOROPLAST: -Trap energy of the sun and convert it into sugars which can be stored by the plant or broken down in the mitochondria into ATP energy. Plant store sugar in their fruits, stems, and roots.

Thylakoids: platelike structures which collect the sun’s energy. Contains green pigment chlorophyll Similar to solar panels Grana or Granum: Stacks of thylakoids (10 to 100/chloroplast) Stroma: Liquid part of the chloroplast, contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis

ROY G BIV Absorbs: -all spectrums of light but green is reflected.

Ribosomes: The cells “workbench” Job: Makes proteins, in their linear form, by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on DNA’s code.

Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins. Found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or Free floating in the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): -Known as the “cells subway system -Transports proteins around the cell

The E.R is a made up of a series of interconnected, hollow channels. Two types of E.R: 1. Smooth E.R. -has no ribosomes attached. -responsible for making new membranes for the cell 2.Rough E.R. -has ribosomes attached -helps with protein synthesis

1.Proteins, made by the ribosomes, travel through the hollow channels of the rough ER into the smooth ER. 2.The end of the smooth ER pinches off around the protein forming a “transporting vesicle”

3. Transporting vesicle transports the newly formed protein to the golgi body.

Golgi Complex, Apparatus or Bodies -a stack of flattened membranes clustered in one area. -Made up of a collection of transporting vesicles.

The golgi is known as the Fed-Ex man Job: Collects, stores, modifies and packages materials it receives from the transporting vesicles/ER and then deliver them to where they need to go. This is where a protein gets it 3D shape

Example: Insulin production in a pancreas cell

Lysosomes: Nickname: Clean Up Crew or Suicide Sack Job: Organelles which contain digestive enzymes made by the ribosomes and processed in the golgi. Three Jobs: 1. Fuse to an old or damaged cell organelle, injects its enzymes into it and digest the old organelle.

2. Lysosomes fuse to food and digest the food for the cell. 3.Lysosomes in an older or damaged Cell breaks open and releases enzymes into the Cytoplasm ~ digesting the cell from the inside out. Example: lifespan RBC’s 120 days WBC’s 8 days Sperm 5 days

Formation of a lysosome: 1. Ribosomes make a digestive enzyme 2. Enzymes travel through ER 3. Smooth ER pinches off and dig. enzyme is contained in a transporting vesicle. 4. Transporting vesicle fuses with golgi 5. Golgi modifies enzyme giving it a 3D shape 6. Section of golgi moves away with enzyme inside it ~ now a lysosome.

Lysosomes

Vacuoles: Storage area for cell Stores excess water, food or waste.

Plant-like cells have 1 or 2 large central vacuole which stores excess water or sugars Animals-like cells have many small vacuoles which store excess water and waste.

Plastids: specialized vacuoles in plants Chloroplast: Stores chlorophyll Leucoplast: Stores starch Chromoplast: Stores color pigments

Cytoskeleton: cell’s framework Cytoskeleton = cell= support A woven web-like system embedded into an animal cell’s cell membrane and cytoplasm, provides some support to the cell.

Different animal cells have specific cells:

Cytoskeleton is made up of both: 1. Microfilaments: -long, solid tubes of proteins 2. Microtubules: -long, hollow tubes of protein

Microtubules and Mircrofilaments form: Flagella: Long whip like tail Cilia: short hairlike

Centrioles: used by animal cells to help with cell division

Plant and Animal Cell Comparison Plant cells have: Animal cells have: cell wall and membrane cell membrane chloroplastno chloroplast 1 or 2 large vacuolemany small vacuoles No centrioles1 pair of centrioles Has plastidsNo plastids Rectangular in shapeRoundish in shape Small # of mitochondriaLarge # of mitochondria