2. Plasma Membrane Helps maintain Homeostasis Present in all cells Flexible boundary between the cell and its environment to allow nutrients and wastes to enter and exit

3. Cytoskeleton Supportive network of proteins that helps to form a frame work for cells –Just like your skeleton supports YOU! Composed of rods/filaments (Microtubules and Microfilaments) that can be rearranged to meet the needs of the cell –Think of poles that maintain the shape of a tent. They also help to anchor and support many organelles and provide a highway system through which materials move in and out of the cell. Found in BOTH!

4. Microtubules/Microfilaments Thin hollow tubes made of proteins Acts as “tracks” to move organelles Smaller, solid protein fibers –Think of small threads Enable the cell to move and divide Help muscles contract and relax  Work together  Both work to anchor and support many organelles  Provides a highway system for materials to move within a cell

5. Microfilaments/Microtubules

6. Cytoplasm fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane Clear, gelatinous fluid portion is called cytosol and is mainly water Location of all other organelles Found in all Cells

7. Nucleus Cell Control Center Contains the directions to make proteins Two main jobs is to protect the DNA and make sure that DNA is always available for use. Found in all cells

8. Nuclear Membrane and Nuclear Pores Located outside of the nucleus Also called Nuclear envelope Made up of a double membrane containing two phospholipid bilayers Contains small nuclear pores –Allow substances to pass from the nucleus to cytoplasm

9. Nucleolus Located within the nucleus Responsible for making ribosomes

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum A folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments in the cytoplasm The location of cellular chemical reactions Found in Both types of cells Rough ER – contains ribosomes that are attached to the surface, it is involved in the transport, storage, making and modifying of proteins. Smooth ER- production and storage of lipids, contains NO ribosomes

12. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis (make proteins) –They link amino acids together Can be found floating in the cytoplasm, BUT most of the time they attach to the Endoplasmic Reticulum Found in all cells

13. Golgi Apparatus Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs Modify, collect, and sort proteins into packages and distributes proteins produced by the cell Found in both plants and animals

14. vesicles General name for little membrane-bound sacs that transport materials from place to place in the cell Short-lived, they form and break-down as needed Example: after a protein is made in the ribosome, part of the ER will pinch off and form a vesicle to transport the protein to the golgi apparatus.

15. Mitochondria Power House of the cell Produces a usable form of Energy for the cell Found in both plants and animals.

16. Vacuole Fluid filled sac used to temporarily store food, water, enzymes, and waste Singular and large in plant ce;;s, small and numerous in animal cells

17. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes which help them to digest excess or worn-out cell parts, food and invading viruses and bacteria More numerous in animal cells.

18. Centrosome & Centriole Found in animal cells and some algae Small region of the cytoplasm that produces microtubules Contains small structures called centrioles –Occur in pairs –Made of microtubules –Help with Cell Division –Organize microtubules to form cilia and flagella

19. Flagellum & Cilia Made of microtubules Aid in cell locomotion and feeding (help to move liquids past a cell) Longer than cilia Move with whip-like motion Usually only has 1-2 flagellum Short numerous projections Look like hairs Function like oars in a rowboat Aid in cell locomotion and feeding (help to move liquids past a cell) Found in Some Animal Cells

20. Flagellum & Cilia

21. Cell Wall Firm, protective, supportive structure that gives the cell its shape –Made of cellulose Porous –there are channels that allow all molecules to enter through it. Found in most bacteria, fungi, algae and plants

22. Chloroplasts In inner membrane there are disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll –which is a green pigment that traps Energy from the Sun Give plants their green color (only in plants!) Produce food by capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy.