CARBOHYDRATES 4 calories/gram of energy functions: –needed for body heat –synthesis of tissue –increase fat utilization –provide fiber –promote Vit B synthesis

What is a Sugar? A carbohydrate that is an essential source of energy for all living organisms. –Monosaccharides Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, and Ribose –Disaccharides Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose –Polysaccharides

all carbs are eventually broken down into glucose body links glucose together to form glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscles

What is a whole grain? Seed or kernel in its’ natural state Divided into three parts –Bran –Germ –Endosperm Examples of foods: –Whole wheat Flour –Brown rice –Oatmeal

Refined Grains Process grains that remove the bran and the germ of the kernel –Finer texture –Longer shelf life –What nutrients are lost when whole grains are processed into refined grains? Examples –White Flour –White Bread –White Rice

100 Percent Whole Grain Wheat Flour Enriched, Bleached, All- Purpose White Flour Calories, kcal Dietary fiber Calcium Magnesium, mg Potassium, mg Folate, DFE, µg Thiamin, mg Riboflavin, mg Niacin, mg Iron, mg Refined vs. Whole Grains Agricultural Research Service Nutrient Database for Standard Reference

Physiological Uses of Whole Grains Bran –Insoluble fiber – adds volume and slows glucose absorption and decreases blood cholesterol. –Aids in Bile excretion Endosperm –Proteins and carbohydrates Germ –Unsaturated fats are used for energy along with antioxidants and phytochemicals in the body to reduce

Physiological Uses of Sugars in the Body Initial breakdown of complex carbohydrates begins in the mouth. –Salivary amylase Pancreatic enzymes further breakdown complex sugars in the small intestines to make glucose. –Glucose