I say I say I say boy, What the Cell? An introduction to cells and their organelles!

Cells! Who wants some?! Not that type, but this kind… Cells have a lot of variety and some exists as living, mobile entities

More observations… Finally in the 1800’s, after the scientific community observed and recorded cell activities, they concluded this-The Cell Theory: 1) Living things are composed of cells. 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. 3) Cells come from other cells

The Tree of Life At the base, one cell gave rise to species now and once upon a time. It was probably a self-replicating, bacterial cell. It’s also called the Last Universal Common Ancestor or LUCA.

These guys are old! This guy is too, but the oldest, known bacteria dates back to about 3.5 Billion Years Ago. Our current clock’s at 6 Billion years. Their DNA is also our DNA. At least genes that control metabolism, energy, and replicating DNA.

There was a split though! From LUCA, there came two camps: Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have genetic material, but it’s not contained in a membrane (nucleus). An example’s your basic bacterial cell. Think: simpler. Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have genetic material bound in a membrane. An example is us. Think: complex.

PRO -- NO EU -- TRUE NO NO Nucleus EUtrue DO EU it’s true they DO have a nucleus

Prokaryotes These fellahs, despite their simplicity, carryout activities like any other living creature; in fact, they grow reproduce, respond to their environment and can move. They are older and smaller than Eukaryotes.

The Prokaryotes Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes Key: have genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus Less “complicated” than eukaryotes but still carry out all aspects of “life” Bacteria are prokaryotes

Some Prokaryotic Examples

Eukaryotes These fellahs contain internal structures wrapped in a membrane. Think: tiny organs, or, organelles. Some eukaryotes live as single-celled organisms; others form large, multicellular organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

My Friends the Eukaryotes You are made of Eukaryotic cells!!! Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes Key: Contain a nucleus in which genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell Can be highly specialized Much larger and more complex than prokaryotes Can be single celled or multicellular: humans, hamsters, venus fly traps, etc.

Some of our Eukaryotic friends

Cell Types

What is an organelle? Membrane bound structure that has a job to do in eukaryotic cells They’re not in Prokaryotes! (bacteria) Plant cells have an organelle that animals don’t Animals have one organelle plants don’t.

Plant vs Animal VS

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Nucleus Control Center Contains nearly all DNA – instructions for making proteins and other important molecules Surrounded by nuclear envelope – Dotted with nuclear pores = stuff in and out Nucleolus – small dense region where assembly of ribosomes begins

Chromosome (The Data) … all the directions (DNA)

Nucleolus A structure that is within the nucleus that produces ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) – Covered in ribosomes (rough) – Makes and transports proteins, especially membrane proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) – Synthesis of membrane lipids – Contain enzymes that can detoxification of drugs – Liver has lots of SER’s Notice how the E.R. is attached to the nucleus …. Like the ‘hallways’

Ribosomes! Protein Factory Proteins are assembled on these organelles by following coded instructions from the nucleus

Smooth and Rough ER

review! Nucleus Nuclear Pores Nuclear Envelope ER Ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus Packaging Center Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion.

Mitochondria Power House Convert chemical energy stored in food to a form a cell can use (ATP) In humans you get all of you mitochondria from your mom Contain own ‘Mitochondrial DNA’ Has double membrane

Chloroplast Food Factory Only in plants Captures energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy by a process called photosynthesis Has double membrane

Mitochondria/Chloroplasts These two utilize energy from food and the sun respectively and convert it into energy the cell can use.

Cytoskeleton Cell Framework A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape

Vacuoles Storage Facility More prevalent in plants Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates In plants, there is a large vacuole which helps with maintaining pressure. – Allows plant to support heavy loads like leaves and branches

Lysosome Waste Management In animal cells ONLY Have enzymes used to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins breaking down old organelles

Cell boundaries aka cell membrane Cell membrane regulates what enters/leaves the cell.

Here’s the protein channel embedded in the cell membrane-doors

Cell Wall Castle Wall Only in Plant Cells Provides support an protection for cell Mostly made of cellulose – Cellulose is the key component of wood and paper

Come on baby let’s do the locomotion…… Cilia Flagella

Plant Cell Animal Cell

The End... Or The Beginning