1. Notes: Cells http://www.studiodaily.com/main/technique/tprojects/6850.html

2. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

3. Cells Timeline
Robert Hooke (1665): studied cork; saw tiny, regular shaped “boxes”; called them cells.
Matthais Schleiden (1838)
All plants are made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
All animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
Concluded all cells come from other cells
He thought the cells looked like prison rooms and the rooms priests were housed in the monestaries therefore called them cells.
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4. There are two categories of cells:
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
Eukaryotic – Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

5. There are two categories of cells:
Cell Types
There are two categories of cells:
2. Prokaryotic – Have no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
Bacteria are an
example.

6. Make a Venn Diagram like shown below:

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

8. Two specific organelles have made Eukaryotic cells be the most successful….
Chloroplast
Consumes H2O and CO2 as it takes in energy from the sun to make sugar (food)
Mitochondria
Consumes O2 to make energy (ATP) from sugar (food)

9. But guess what…. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
These two organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast) are thought once be their own prokaryotic cell living inside a larger host cell…….these “prokaryotes” provided nutrients/oxygen to the host and in turn got a safe place to live.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

10. Since BOTH these organelles have their OWN DNA even more support that they…..
Chloroplast have DNA
Mitochondria have DNA

11. Endosymbiotic theory for dummies…..
(mr. Anderson teacher talking with pictures)

14. Two types of Eukaryotic cells are:
PLANT Cells
ANIMAL Cells

15. Make a Venn Diagram like shown below:

16. Organelles in Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant Cells:
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuoles are much larger
Animal Cells:
Lysosomes
Vacuoles are much smaller

17. Plant Cells Characteristics of Plant Cells:
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Characteristics of Plant Cells:
Rectangular or square shape
Cell wall that is composed mostly of cellulose

18. Animal Cells
Notice the circular shape of animal cells. Not all animals cells have this shape, but it is more common than not.
Cell membrane
Nucleus

19. Organelles
Organelles - Specialized structures in a cell that have a specific function.

20. Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane - Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

21. Cell Wall
Cell Wall - Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria that supports and shapes
Made of CELLULOSE
in plants,chitin,
etc. depending on the organism.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant

22. Nucleus
Nucleus – Contains DNA (genetic information) and instructions for the productions of proteins and other cellular processes
Bounded by the nuclear envelope
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

23. Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Envelope – Layer surrounding the nucleus of a cell covered in nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of nucleus

24. Vacuoles
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Vacuoles – Sac like structure that stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Plants contain large central vacuoles
Animals contain many smaller vacuoles

25. Ribosomes Ribosomes – small particles of rRNA;
Where proteins are assembled
Found throughout the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

26. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
system of transport tunnels from nucleus to Golgi

27. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER- The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins
Given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface.
Abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export.
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

28. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER – Endoplasmic reticulum where ribosomes are not found on its surface
Involved in:
synthesis of lipids for cell
membranes
detoxification of drugs (in liver cells)
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

29. Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus - Modify, sort, and package proteins (from the ER) into vesicles for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
Finishing touches are put on proteins before they are ready to leave the “factory.”
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

30. Cytoskeleton
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoskeleton - Internal structure of some cells that gives shape and is involved in movement
Consists of
Microtubules- hollow and tube like; made of proteins called tubulins
Microfilaments- thin, thread like; made of protein called actin.

31. Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts - Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in food (photosynthesis).
Like a solar power plant.
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
Eukaryote
Plant

32. Mitochondria
Mitochondria - Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food (glucose) to make energy molecules for cells
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal

33. Lysosomes
Lysosomes – Vesicles from a Golgi that contain digestive enzymes that
Digest/break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the cell
Break down/get rid of waste or worn out cell parts
Eukaryote
Animal

34. Centrioles
Centrioles - Paired structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nucleus give rise to the spindle during cell division.
Eukaryote
Animal

35. Cytoplasm
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Plant
Animal
Cytoplasm – The fluid matrix that consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients. (cytosol)

36. Cilia and Flagella Cilia are short, numerous, and hair-like
Flagella are long, fewer, and tail-like
Both are for movement
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Animal

37. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

38. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

39. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

40. Review: A bacteria is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A protist is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
A plant is a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell?
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False

41. Review:
DNA is found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. True or False
They both have DNA, except eukaryotes have it located in a membrane bound nucleus instead of thrown into the cytoplasm.

42. What is the organelle labeled #9?

43. What is the organelle labeled #9? MITOCHONDRIA

44. What is the organelle labeled #5?

45. What is the organelle labeled #5? ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

46. What is the organelle labeled #6?

47. What is the organelle labeled #6? GOLGI APPARATUS

49. VACUOLE

50. What is the organelle labeled #14?

51. What is the organelle labeled #14?
CHLOROPLAST

52. What is the organelle labeled # 2?

53. What is the organelle labeled # 2? VACUOLE