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End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology
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End Show Slide 2 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 7-1 Life Is Cellular EQ What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Describe the functions of all the organelles we discussed.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 3 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Discovery of the Cell Early Microscopes In 1665, Robert Hooke used an early compound microscope to look at a thin slice of cork, a plant material. Cork looked like thousands of tiny, empty chambers. Hooke called these chambers “cells.” Cells are the basic units of life.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Discovery of the Cell The Cell Theory In 1838, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells. In 1839, Theodor Schwann stated that all animals were made of cells. In 1855, Rudolph Virchow concluded that new cells were created only from division of existing cells. These discoveries led to the cell theory.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 5 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Discovery of the Cell The cell theory states: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 6 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Electron Microscopes Electron microscopes reveal details 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes. Electron microscopy can be used to visualize only nonliving, preserved cells and tissues.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 7 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) Used to study cell structures and large protein molecules Specimens must be cut into ultra-thin slices
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 8 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) Produce three-dimensional images of cells Specimens do not have to be cut into thin slices
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 9 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Exploring the Cell Scanning Electron Micrograph of Neurons
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 10 of 31 Question What are the two types of electron microscopes? –Scanning –Transmission Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 11 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes. All cells: are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane. at some point contain DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 12 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells are classified into two categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus. The nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA. The nucleus controls many of the cell's activities. Eukaryotes are cells that contain nuclei. Prokaryotes are cells that do not contain nuclei.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 13 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 14 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 15 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells generally contain dozens of structures and internal membranes. Many eukaryotic cells are highly specialized. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 16 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Structures within a eukaryotic cell that perform important cellular functions are known as organelles. Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The Cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 17 of 31 Questions What are the two types of cells? –Prokaryotes –Eukaryotes What is the difference between the two? Eukaryotes have a nucleus. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 18 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 19 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplast
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 20 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Centrioles Animal Cell
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 21 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Eukaryotic Cell Structures Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Centrioles Animal Cell
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 22 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The nucleus is the control center of the cell. The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 23 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleus The Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Chromatin
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 24 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ribosomes One of the most important jobs carried out in the cell is making proteins. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 25 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of ER—rough and smooth.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 26 of 31 Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER (SER) acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids. Rough ER (RER) is very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 27 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of closely apposed membranes. It sorts and packages proteins for secretion.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 28 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 29 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Chloroplast Chloroplasts Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 30 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement. The cytoskeleton is made up of: microfilaments microtubules
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 31 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane Microtubule Microfilament
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End Show 7-1 Life Is Cellular Slide 32 of 31 Question List as many organelles as you can. –Nucleus, Ribosomes, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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