1. What are the functions of the major cell structures?

2. Cell Wall Found in plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes
Lie outside the cell membrane
Made up of fibers of carbohydrate and protein
Plant cell walls made of cellulose
MAIN FUNCTION: provide support and protection for the cell

3. Image from: http://users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma

4. Plant Cell Wall Structure
Image from:

5. Bacterial cell walls Made up of peptidoglycan
Different structures for different types of bacteria

6. Fungal and Algal cell walls
Fungal cell walls
Composed of chitin and cellulose
Algal Cell Walls
Composed of polysaccharides
Which polysaccharides depends on the algae

7. Nucleus
Controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary information (DNA)
Parts of the nucleus
Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope

8. Image from: http://sun. menloschool

9. Image from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/N/nucleusc.html
                                                                          
Image from:

10. Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nucleus.htm

11. Chromatin and Chromosomes
The granular material visible within the nucleus
Consists of DNA bound to proteins
Chromosomes
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes before cell division
Contain genetic information

12. Nucleolus
Assembly of ribosomes begins here

13. Nuclear envelope Double membrane layer surrounding the cell
Has pores which allows material into and out of the cell

14. Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain it’s shape
Involved in many forms of cell movement

15. Parts of the Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Hollow tubes of protein that maintain shape
Serve as “tracks” for moving organelles
Important in cell division
Make up centrioles in animal cells
Also make up flagella and cilia in some cells

16. Microtubules
Images from:

17. Parts of the Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Much smaller than microtubules

18. Microfilaments

19. Ribosomes Small particles of RNA and protein
Function: assemble proteins
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic ribosomes have different structures

20. Ribosomes consist of a small subunit and a large subunit
Image from:

21. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function: Components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
Rough ER: Synthesis of proteins: chemical modification; Studded with ribosomes
Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids

22. Image from: http://www.winterwren.com/apbio/cellorganelles/er.html

23. Image from: http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa041300a.htm

24. Golgi Apparatus
Function: enzymes in the Golgi attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
From Golgi proteins are packaged and sent to their final destinations

25. Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/GOLGI.HTM

26. Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/GOLGI.HTM

27. Lysosomes Small organelles filled with enzymes
Function: break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins from food particles
Break down old organelles and other cellular debris

28. Image from: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/lysosome.htm

29. Vacuoles
Function: Store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
In plants, a large central vacuole filled with fluid is used for support in the cell

30. Image from: http://micro. magnet. fsu

31. Chloroplasts
Function: use energy from the sun to make energy-rich food molecules in photosynthesis
Bound by two envelope membranes
Stacks of photosynthetic membranes contain chlorophyll

32. Image from: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/chloroplast.jpg

33. Mitochondria
Function: use energy from food to make high energy compounds
Powerhouse of the cell
Bound by two envelope membranes
Inner membrane is folded

34. Image from:http://micro. magnet. fsu

35. Organelle DNA Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA
Endosymbiotic theory:mitochondria and chloroplasts the result of endocytosis of bacteria and blue-green algae whichbecame symbiotic

36. Endosymbiotic theory

37. Image from: http://www. msnucleus

38. Venn Diagram
Use your notes and the venn diagram handout to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and plant and animal cells

39. Cell as a Factory
See page 182