The Civil Rights Movement

No discrimination on basis of race, sex, religious belief, etc. RIGHTS OF CITIZENS Civil Rights Positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people…. No discrimination on basis of race, sex, religious belief, etc. Civil Rights Acts Voting Amendments

social reality Segregation In 1870, 15th Amendment: Black men and former slaves were given the right to vote. After Reconstruction 1876, Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities.

social reality Segregation Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting. poll taxes literacy tests grandfather clause

Jim Crow Laws Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….

Social Reality Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities

US would be segregated until the 1960’s. Social Reality Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 US would be segregated until the 1960’s.

According to the Tuskegee Institute 4,742 lynching's Occurred between 1882-1968. 90% of the victims were Southern 73% of the victims were black 27% of the victims were white The infamous Lawrence Beitler photograph, 1930. 1. Beitler, Lawrence. 1930. Marion, Indiana. 29 May 2006 <http://members.aol.com/Wdwylie4/Thomas-Shipp-Abram-Smith-8-7-1930-Marion-IN-1.jpg>.

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more

civil rights

Civil Rights African American WWII veterans returned to Jim Crow and discrimination. During both World Wars, Europeans treated Black soldiers as equals. 1948, President Truman signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1948 Integrated the military Integrated the federal government.

1950’s is the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement Jackie Robinson broke the “colored barrier” and played major league baseball with the Brooklyn Dodgers…1947 to 1956 1950’s is the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights During the 1950s NAACP began to attack "Separate but Equal" by suing segregated colleges and universities; blacks gained entrance into many Southern universities. Elementary and secondary schools remained segregated.

Civil Rights During the 1950s Appointed by Eisenhower as Earl Warren Appointed by Eisenhower as Chief Justice of Supreme Court in 1953

Civil Rights During the 1950s Earl Warren Although viewed as a conservative, Warren would become the most significant Chief Justice of the 20th century and lead the most liberal court of that period.

of Education Topeka, Kansas Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas In 1951, Oliver Brown wanted his 8-year-old daughter to attend a Topeka, Kansas school, which only white children were permitted to attend. 8-year-old

of the NAACP argued Brown’s case. Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Brown sued the Topeka Board of Education, and his case reached the Supreme Court. Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP argued Brown’s case. Brown vs. board

of Education Topeka, Kansas Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the “Separate but Equal" doctrine.

of Education Topeka, Kansas Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination

States ordered to integrate their schools “with all deliberate speed.” Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas States ordered to integrate their schools “with all deliberate speed.”

Many Americans, both white and black, rejoiced at the Brown ruling. Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Many Americans, both white and black, rejoiced at the Brown ruling. Others accepted the decision although they did not agree with it, hoping that desegregation could take place peacefully. Brown vs. board

of Education Topeka, Kansas Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Many southern whites, especially in the Deep South, vehemently opposed the ruling. Congressional representatives of states in the Deep South joined together to protest the decision, claiming that it violated States’ Rights Brown vs. board

felt government should not try to force integration. Civil Rights President Eisenhower felt government should not try to force integration. Called appointment of Warren “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made."

The Little Rock Nine little rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas would be the first high school in the South to integrate.

Resistance in Little Rock Opposition In the fall of 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus felt that enforcing integration, or the bringing together of different races, would create chaos

The Little Rock Nine little rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate.

Resistance in Little Rock Opposition Faubus therefore posted Arkansas National Guard troops at Central High School in Little Rock, instructing them to turn away the nine African American students who were supposed to attend that school.

Resistance in Little Rock Opposition Mobs of angry protesters joined the National Guard in intimidating the African American students.

Resistance in Little Rock Government Response Faubus’s actions defied the Brown decision. President Eisenhower viewed these actions as a challenge to the Constitution and to his authority as President.

Resistance in Little Rock Government Response President Eisenhower placed the National Guard under federal command and sent soldiers to Arkansas to protect the nine students.

The Little Rock Nine little rock

1950s Civil Rights Legislation Eisenhower signs the following Civil Rights Acts into law Created the United States Civil Rights Commission Investigated and reported voter discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1957 Gave the Attorney General the power to require federal courts to issue orders to prevent any interference with a person’s right to vote Civil Rights Act of 1960 Created federal voting referees who helped correct conditions to prevent voter discrimination

Rosa Parks Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913. She grew up in Pine Level, Alabama, right outside of Montgomery. Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee Alabama. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a teacher. As a child she was very small and suffered from constant sickness. When her parents separated, Rosa and her mother moved to Pine Level Alabama, a town right outside of Montgomery. In the South, Jim Crowe laws separated everyone. While bus and train companies did not provide separate vehicles for Blacks and Whites, there was a seating policy. There was no transportation of Black School children. When Rosa was a child her school was burned down twice by White Supremacist and the Ku Klux Klan marched down her street. Picture: www.Answers.com <http://www.answers.com/topic/rosaparks-jpg>

Rosa Parks In the South, Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans and whites in almost every aspect of life. This included a seating policy on buses. White’s sat in the front, Blacks sat in the back. Buses also drove White students to school. Black students were forced to walk everyday. Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee Alabama. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a teacher. As a child she was very small and suffered from constant sickness. When her parents separated, Rosa and her mother moved to Pine Level Alabama, a town right outside of Montgomery. In the South, Jim Crowe laws separated everyone. While bus and train companies did not provide separate vehicles for Blacks and Whites, there was a seating policy. There was no transportation of Black School children. When Rosa was a child her school was burned down twice by White Supremacist and the Ku Klux Klan marched down her street. Picture: www.Answers.com <http://www.answers.com/topic/rosaparks-jpg>

The Civil Rights Movement December 1955, Rosa Parks was ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her seat to white passengers. She refuses.

She was arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section. The Civil Rights Movement She was arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section. Montgomery Blacks organize and refuse to ride buses until the law changes.

The Civil Rights Movement Thus began the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality for African Americans.

The Civil Rights Movement The Montgomery Bus Boycott Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. The Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Montgomery City Government ended segregation.

Martin Luther King Jr. In 1955 he became involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement. He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation. King was the most famous leader of the Civil Right’s movement and probably the most instrumental American activist in the 20th century. He was the youngest man to ever win the noble prize and today there is a national holiday that honors his life. He started off his career in defiance of Jim Crowe laws and the vicious Racism African Americans were suffering from across the nation. He saw great accomplishments in his time but most of the things he fought for did not change until after his death. However, those changes would have never occurred if it wasn’t for the monumental help of important leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. Picture: www.exodusnews.com <http://www.exodusnews.com/Photos/MartinLutherKing.jpg>

Martin Luther King Jr. Born in Atlanta, Georgia. Graduated Morehouse College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology. Later, at Boston University, King received a Ph.D. in systematic theology. In 1953, at the age of 26, King became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama. His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta Georgia to Rev. Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. At Morehouse College, King was mentored by Civil Rights leader Benjamin Mays. King later became minister of the Dexter Ave. Baptist Church. King started his campaign for Civil Rights during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. After the movement, King helped found the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference.) Picture: www.kycourts.com <http://www.kycourts.net/AOC/MinorityAffairs/Martin%20Luther%20King,%20Jr.%20--%203.jpg>

Martin Luther King Jr. As the most important leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Dr. King was instrumental in bringing about: The end of the Jim Crow Era Integration of Southern public facilities An increase of Black voting rights Forcing the south to accept true democracy for all its citizens Restoring the rights of African Americans which were deprived since Reconstruction

Martin Luther King Jr. During The March On Washington he delivered one of the most famous speeches of 20th century titled, “I Have A Dream”

Martin Luther King Jr. Before he was assassinated in 1968, “I Have A Dream” Before he was assassinated in 1968, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Martin Luther King Jr. Influences Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by the beliefs and work of Mohandas Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau, both of whom advocated nonviolence. Gandhi had helped India gain its independence in 1947. Thoreau had advocated civil disobedience in the mid-1800s.

Civil Disobedience 1957, Dr. King helps to found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) A group that used the authority and power of Black churches to organize non-violent protest to support the Civil Rights Movement. SCLC shifted the focus of the civil rights movement to the South and brought African American leaders such as King to its forefront. Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey civil laws in effort to promote change. Usually involved in changing government policy or legislation, Civil Disobedience is characterized by passive resistance or other nonviolent means. The idea of nonviolent civil disobedience was developed by Gandhi in the struggle for Indian Independence. Martin Luther King Jr. brought the idea of nonviolence to the United States in a strong way. King understood that protesting in non violent ways would ultimately attract the sympathy of people all across the nation. He was right. The televised media coverage of many African American marches and rallies made the Civil Rights Movement important on both a national and global level. picture.: www.answers.com <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Mlkingmug1.jpg>

Civil Disobedience The civil disobedience led to media coverage of the daily inequities suffered by Southern Blacks. Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey civil laws in effort to promote change. Usually involved in changing government policy or legislation, Civil Disobedience is characterized by passive resistance or other nonviolent means. The idea of nonviolent civil disobedience was developed by Gandhi in the struggle for Indian Independence. Martin Luther King Jr. brought the idea of nonviolence to the United States in a strong way. King understood that protesting in non violent ways would ultimately attract the sympathy of people all across the nation. He was right. The televised media coverage of many African American marches and rallies made the Civil Rights Movement important on both a national and global level. picture.: www.answers.com <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Mlkingmug1.jpg>

The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy. Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey civil laws in effort to promote change. Usually involved in changing government policy or legislation, Civil Disobedience is characterized by passive resistance or other nonviolent means. The idea of nonviolent civil disobedience was developed by Gandhi in the struggle for Indian Independence. Martin Luther King Jr. brought the idea of nonviolence to the United States in a strong way. King understood that protesting in non violent ways would ultimately attract the sympathy of people all across the nation. He was right. The televised media coverage of many African American marches and rallies made the Civil Rights Movement important on both a national and global level. picture.: www.answers.com <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Mlkingmug1.jpg> The Civil Rights Movement became the most important political topic during the early 60’s. The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy.

Civil Disobedience Dr. King’s Actions After the Montgomery bus boycott, King began training volunteers for what they might expect in the months ahead. Those who rode the newly integrated buses were encouraged to follow the principles of nonviolence. King thereafter became the preeminent figure in almost every major civil rights event throughout the early 1960s. Dr. King’s Actions

A New Voice for Students A new civil rights group run by young activists, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), began in 1960 at a meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina.

A New Voice for Students SNCC soon became an independent civil rights organization. Its members sought immediate change, as opposed to the gradual change advocated by most older organizations.

A New Voice for Students One of SNCC’s most influential leaders was Robert Moses, a Harvard graduate student and mathematics teacher. Moses led with a quiet, humble style which earned him the admiration of his followers.

The Civil Rights Movement Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of methods to get results. These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King. civil rights