What Is Biotechnology? An Introduction BioScience Survey An Introduction BioScience Survey

Biotechnology in History?  Man manipulating living things to produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.  Fermentation  Using yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or grain solutions into alcoholic beverages  Adding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in order to make cheese or yogurt.  Low tech  Man manipulating living things to produce plants, animals, or substances with desired characteristics.  Fermentation  Using yeast or fungus to ferment fruit or grain solutions into alcoholic beverages  Adding bacteria/yeast/fungus to milk in order to make cheese or yogurt.  Low tech

 Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.  Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.  Fast horses  Disease resistant plants  Sheep producing high yields of wool  Cows producing high yields of milk  Controlling which individuals breed and working to predict outcomes.  Goal: produce animals and plants in a form desired.  Fast horses  Disease resistant plants  Sheep producing high yields of wool  Cows producing high yields of milk Selective Breeding

Modern Biotechnology

Technology Allows...  Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.  Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processes  DNA replication  Protein synthesis  Exocytosis  Scientists to manipulate cells and molecules.  Cells are used to produced desired products using cellular processes  DNA replication  Protein synthesis  Exocytosis

Key to Biotechnology  Central Dogma of Biology:  DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for specific proteins.  Proteins are the primary product of biotech companies.  Proteins compose:  Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.  Most key actions accomplished by proteins  Central Dogma of Biology:  DNA contains sections of nucleotides that code for specific proteins.  Proteins are the primary product of biotech companies.  Proteins compose:  Hormones, receptors, enzymes, main structural component of cells and tissues.  Most key actions accomplished by proteins

Technology used in Biotech  Recombinant DNA  Cutting & recombining lengths of DNA.  Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).  Recombinant DNA  Cutting & recombining lengths of DNA.  Inserting new DNA into host cells for expression of the gene and creation of the product (protein).

Example...  Diabetes  Pancreas does not produce the protein insulin which breaks down sugars.  DNA with gene to produce insulin spliced into host cells.  Host cells mass produce human insulin!  Expressing the insulin gene.  Mass quantities of insulin produced and collected.  Diabetes  Pancreas does not produce the protein insulin which breaks down sugars.  DNA with gene to produce insulin spliced into host cells.  Host cells mass produce human insulin!  Expressing the insulin gene.  Mass quantities of insulin produced and collected.

Polymerase Chain Reaction  Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.  Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.  Allows easier analysis of DNA samples  Small sample of DNA stimulated to replicate itself.  Temperature changes and enzymes copy DNA MANY times.  Allows easier analysis of DNA samples

DNA Electrophoresis  Used to identify or find similarities between DNA samples.  DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.  Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.  Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.  Paternity testing  Forensic investigations  Used to identify or find similarities between DNA samples.  DNA is cut into sections by restriction enzymes.  Enzymes always cut at same base pattern.  Resulting similarities in fragment lengths used to ID DNA samples.  Paternity testing  Forensic investigations

Stem Cell Therapy  Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.  Pleuripotent  Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.  Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.  Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.  Stem cells can be influenced to grow into any body cell.  Pleuripotent  Stem cell source: red bone marrow (adult stem cells), umbilical cord blood or embryos.  Scientists use hormones/chemicals to control and influence stem cells to grow into specific cell types.  Hope is to insert those cells to fix serious disorders: leukemia, Parkinson’s disease.

Actual Embryos or Stem Cells. One of these became Mrs. Butler’s Son, Benjamin.

Genomics  Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.  Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.  Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.  Using computers to take data from labs and sequence the order of bases on huge DNA molecules.  Order of bases allow understanding of location of genes.  Human Genome Project mapped where genes are located on DNA.

Where does Biotech happen?  Companies  Producing drugs, agricultural or industrial products.  Medical or industrial instruments  Reagents or test kits for research  Processing data, sequencing DNA  Research institutions  Universities  Governmental Agencies  National Institute of Health  Communicable Disease Control  Companies  Producing drugs, agricultural or industrial products.  Medical or industrial instruments  Reagents or test kits for research  Processing data, sequencing DNA  Research institutions  Universities  Governmental Agencies  National Institute of Health  Communicable Disease Control

Biotech Companies  Apply scientific research to make a product.  Purpose is to make a profit.  Funds allow further research.  FDA very involved, safety is key.  Apply scientific research to make a product.  Purpose is to make a profit.  Funds allow further research.  FDA very involved, safety is key.

Research institutions  Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.  Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.  Scientists focused on gaining new knowledge and contributing to scientific understanding.  Results of research published in journals, presented at conferences.

How do research labs function?  Lead scientist directs focus of lab  Graduate students and fellow scientists work on questions within topic of lab.  Research funded by grants from government or foundations.  Professors at major universities must conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.  Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.  Lead scientist directs focus of lab  Graduate students and fellow scientists work on questions within topic of lab.  Research funded by grants from government or foundations.  Professors at major universities must conduct research and publish papers to maintain position in university.  Data contributes to drug development or new understandings of proteins.

What now?  We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.  Will examine recent research by scientists.  Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.  We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!  We review cellular processes utilized in biotech.  Will examine recent research by scientists.  Will learn about structure of proteins and details about genetics.  We conclude with an intriguing biotech lab!