1. Biotechnology Combining Life Science and Technology

2. What is Genetic Engineering? Process of manipulating genes for a practical purpose. Making recombinant DNA is a process used for this. Examples of Genetic engineering: Making proteins/vaccines to treat diseases Genetically modified plants-- that are created to be more drought resistant or grow bigger.

3. What is Recombinant DNA? DNA from 2 or more different species combined. Why combine DNA? In this way, human genes can be inserted into other organism.. and that organism can then make human proteins for medical uses, This is called a transgenic organism.Example... Bacteria with the insulin gene can make human insulin for treatment of diabetes

4. What is a Vector? Anything that is used to transfer DNA into a host cell. What are three types of vectors? Plasmid, Virus, Yeast What is a Plasmid? A circular piece of DNA from bacteria that can replicate independently.

5. Give the steps to making Recombinant DNA. 1. Identify the gene of interest-- a gene sequence that codes for a protein for example. 2. Cut the DNA with... Restriction enzymes 3. Cut vector DNA with same restriction enzymes 4. Insert gene of interest into vector DNA 5. Sticky ends allow gene to attach with help of enzyme DNA ligase 6. Insert recombinant DNA into a host cell

8. How do Restriction Enzymes cut DNA? They recognize a pattern in the genetic code (order of nitrogen bases). This pattern is.. A Palindrome sequence. It is the same... Backwards as forwards ex. R-A-C-E-C-A-R Restriction enzymes always cut at the same specific base sequence and leave sticky ends

9. What are sticky ends? The unpaired bases left in the specific sequence They will attract their complementary bases and allow the gene of interest to combine with the plasmid.

10. What is PCR? Polymerase Chain Reaction What is it used for? It is used to copy a DNA sample so that there is more of it for testing. What natural process does it mimic? DNA Replication Example: Crime scene may only yield a small amount of skin cells or a drop of blood. PCR replicates the sample so that they can complete many tests on the sample.

11. What the Steps to PCR? 1.Denaturing- Raise the temperature (~95  C) to break hydrogen bonds of DNA, separating the strands to reveal unpaired bases. 2.Annealing- Lower the temperature (~54  C) to add primers (short segments of DNA). 3.Extension- Raise the temperature (~72  C) to an optimum range for Taq polymerase to add free nucleotides to the original strand. Result is two copies of the original DNA DNA is doubled every 2 minutes. In a few hours millions of copies can be made.

14. DNA Fingerprinting  Identification method using DNA  Is not the same as taking a print from the fingers.  What does DNA Fingerprinting produce?  It produces a pattern of dark bands that is unique for each individual.  What is DNA Fingerprinting used for?  1. Criminal cases-- identifying crime scene DNA  2. Paternity cases-- finding out who the parents of a child are  3. sorting Recombinant vs. Nonrecombinant DNA

15. What are the steps to making a DNA fingerprint?  1. Obtain a biological sample from..  Blood, semen, saliva, skin cells  2. Make several copies of the DNA sample using PCR  3. Cut the DNA into segments using...  Restriction enzymes  4. Use gel electrophoresis to sort the sections of DNA by size

16. What is responsible for the different sized DNA fragments? Non-coding repeated base sequences between genes are responsible for the different sized DNA fragments (RFLP’s)

17. What is a clone? An organism that is an exact copy (genetically identical) of another organism What is a method used to transfer one organism's DNA into an enucleated host cell to create a clone? Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

18. List the steps to: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer 1. Remove nucleus from somatic cell 2. Remove and discard nucleus from an egg cell.. 3. Put somatic cell nucleus into enucleated (empty) egg cell. 4. Allow time for DNA to adjust and reprogram 5. Stimulate cell division electrically or chemically 6. Put divided cell embryo into a surrogate mother.

22. When the new organism is born, what will it be a clone of? The donor organism. The one that gave the somatic cell nucleus.

23. What is therapeutic cloning? Creating tissue from a patient's DNA that is an exact copy of the patient in order to grow organs that can be transplanted in the patient that his body will not reject. Example.. take liver cells and stimulate them to grow in the lab in order to make a new liver to replace the patient's damaged one.

26. Define Stem Cells. Stem cells are cells that haven't been programmed yet-- they do not have jobs in the body, but could become many different kinds of cells. There are 3 kinds: Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent If you remember TPM “The Perfect Man” it will help you remember the order of Best to Least useful.

29. Differentiate between the types of stem cells Totipotent—Can become any kind of cell They are found in … early embryos Pluripotent—They can become almost any type of cell and are found in.. Late embryos and early fetuses Multipotent—can only become certain kinds of cells and are found in... Adult blood, bone marrow and in umbilical cords

32. What are the medical uses of stem cells? Treat paralysis Treat brain injuries and strokes Treat leukemia (bone marrow cells) Treat diabetes (pancreas cells so that pancreas will begin producing insulin)

33. The End (or is it just the beginning?) Biotechnology is the future! Good Luck!