III. Sonata Form

Sometimes called sonata-allegro form Sometimes called sonata-allegro form Definition- The form of a single movement. Definition- The form of a single movement. Do not confuse with the term sonata- used for a whole composition made up of several movements. Do not confuse with the term sonata- used for a whole composition made up of several movements.

The form consists of 3 main sections Exposition- themes are presented Exposition- themes are presented Usually labeled with the letters A & B Usually labeled with the letters A & B Development- themes are treated in new ways Development- themes are treated in new ways Usually labeled with the letter C Usually labeled with the letter C Recapitulation- themes return Recapitulation- themes return Letters A & B or sometimes A’ & B’ Letters A & B or sometimes A’ & B’ These sections are often followed by a concluding section- the coda (Italian for tail) These sections are often followed by a concluding section- the coda (Italian for tail)

C Mozart T Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, IV Mt. D 1788 D 1788 S String Orchestra S String Orchestra H G minor H G minor M A- Fast Rushing Notes, B- Tender sweet melody M A- Fast Rushing Notes, B- Tender sweet melody R Duple 2/2 R Duple 2/2 F Sonata Form F Sonata Form T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

IV. Theme & Variations

Definition- a basic musical idea- the theme- is repeated over and over and is changed each time. Definition- a basic musical idea- the theme- is repeated over and over and is changed each time. Widely used during this period. Widely used during this period. Each variation is about the same length, however it is unique and may differ in mood. Each variation is about the same length, however it is unique and may differ in mood. Changes in melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be used for change Changes in melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be used for change

C Haydn T Symphony No. 94 in G Major, II Mt. D 1791 D 1791 S Woodwinds, Brass, Perc, Strings S Woodwinds, Brass, Perc, Strings H G Major H G Major M Surprise; Staccatoed melody M Surprise; Staccatoed melody R Duple 2/4 R Duple 2/4 F Theme & Variations F Theme & Variations T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

V. Minuet & Trio

Sometimes simply referred to as Minuet. Sometimes simply referred to as Minuet. Often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works. Often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works. Originated as a dance Originated as a dance First appeared in the court of Louis XIV of France around 1650 First appeared in the court of Louis XIV of France around 1650 Danced by aristocrats throughout the 18 th Cent Danced by aristocrats throughout the 18 th Cent Stately, dignified dance for couples Stately, dignified dance for couples

Minuet for symphony This minuet is written for listening, not dancing. This minuet is written for listening, not dancing. Written in triple meter ¾ Written in triple meter ¾ Usually a moderate tempo Usually a moderate tempo Form: A (minuet), B (trio), A (minuet) Form: A (minuet), B (trio), A (minuet) Trio section is usually quieter than the minuet and also requires fewer instruments Trio section is usually quieter than the minuet and also requires fewer instruments Structurally the simplest movement of a symphony or string quartet Structurally the simplest movement of a symphony or string quartet

C Mozart T Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A little night music) III: Minuet D 1787 D 1787 S string serenade; light in mood S string serenade; light in mood H G major H G major M Stately melody: moves to legato & back to stately M Stately melody: moves to legato & back to stately R Triple 3/4 R Triple 3/4 F ABA F ABA T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

VI. Rondo

Many Classical movements are in Rondo form Many Classical movements are in Rondo form Definition- features a tuneful main theme which returns several times in alternation with other themes. Definition- features a tuneful main theme which returns several times in alternation with other themes. Main theme- usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember. Main theme- usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember. Can be used either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, string quartet, or a sonata Can be used either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, string quartet, or a sonata

VI. Rondo Often is a finale, because of its liveliness bringing a sense of conclusion Often is a finale, because of its liveliness bringing a sense of conclusion Rondo form is often combined with elements of sonata form to produce a sonata-rondo: Rondo form is often combined with elements of sonata form to produce a sonata-rondo: contains a development section like in sonata form contains a development section like in sonata form Outlined in ABACABA Outlined in ABACABA

C Beethoven T String Quartet in C minor Op18, No. 4 IV Mvt. Rondo D D S String Quartet S String Quartet H A Section C minor & B and C Sections Major H A Section C minor & B and C Sections Major M Lively; Fast violin; Lyrical Legato Melody M Lively; Fast violin; Lyrical Legato Melody R Duple 2/2 R Duple 2/2 F ABACABA F ABACABA T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

VII. The Classical Symphony

The Classical Symphony Definition- an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes. It exploits and expands the range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. Definition- an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes. It exploits and expands the range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

Usually has 4 movements Each movement evokes a wide range of musicians Each movement evokes a wide range of musicians Typical sequence of movements Typical sequence of movements 1) vigorous, dramatic fast movement 1) vigorous, dramatic fast movement 2) lyrical slow movement 2) lyrical slow movement 3) dance-like (minuet or scherzo) 3) dance-like (minuet or scherzo) 4) brilliant or heroic, fast movement 4) brilliant or heroic, fast movement

The Classical Symphony Opening movement almost always is fast and in sonata form, usually the most dramatic Opening movement almost always is fast and in sonata form, usually the most dramatic Second- slow movement- broad song-like melodies Second- slow movement- broad song-like melodies Third- generally a minuet and trio, or scherzo Third- generally a minuet and trio, or scherzo Fourth- often in sonata or sonata-rondo form, usually fast, lively, or triumphant depending on the composer Fourth- often in sonata or sonata-rondo form, usually fast, lively, or triumphant depending on the composer

VIII. The Classical Concerto

The Classical Concerto Definition- three movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra Definition- three movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra Combines virtuosic solo passages with orchestra’s wide range of tone color and dynamics Combines virtuosic solo passages with orchestra’s wide range of tone color and dynamics Lasts from minutes! Lasts from minutes!

Three movement work 1) Fast 2) Slow 3) Fast 1) Fast 2) Slow 3) Fast No minuet or scherzo No minuet or scherzo Often will have a cadenza at the end where orchestra holds chord while soloist does a virtuosic passage Often will have a cadenza at the end where orchestra holds chord while soloist does a virtuosic passage

C Haydn T Trumpet Concerto in Eb Major: III Mvt: Allegro D 1796 D 1796 S Solo Trumpet, Woodwinds, Timpani, Strings S Solo Trumpet, Woodwinds, Timpani, Strings H Eb Major H Eb Major M Soft legato string, virtuoso trumpet M Soft legato string, virtuoso trumpet R duple 2/4 R duple 2/4 F Sonata-Rondo (ABA B’ACAB”Coda) F Sonata-Rondo (ABA B’ACAB”Coda) T Homophonic T Homophonic