1. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

2. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Unit XII The Classical Symphony “I frequently compare a symphony with a novel in which the themes are characters. After we have made their acquaintance, we follow their evolution, the unfolding of their psychology.” — Arthur Honegger

3. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 34. The Nature of the Symphony Historical Background Origins in Italian opera overture –3 part form Standard ideas including “Mannheim” traits –Rocket themes –Steamroller effects Beethoven: Wellington’s Victory Mozart: Symphony No. 40, IV

4. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Classical Orchestra 30–40 players Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I

5. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Movements of the Symphony I: fast II: slow III: moderate IV: fast Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I Mozart: Symphony No. 40, IV Beethoven: Symphony No. 7, II Haydn Sym. No. 94 (Surprise), III

6. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition I. The First Movement Sonata-allegro form / first-movement form / sonata form Unstable, Building tension Theme I Closing Theme Theme IITheme IClosing Theme Bridge Theme II Coda Exposition (repeated) Development Recapitulation ABA’

7. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition II. The Second Movement Form options –three-part form (A-B-A) –theme and variations –modified sonata-allegro Tempo –Largo –Adagio –Andante In contrasting key Lyrical mood

8. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Second Movement (II) Theme and Variations ||: a :||: b :||: a' :||: b' :||: a'' :||: b'' :||: a''' :||: b''' :||: etc. ThemeVariation IVariation IIVariation III “Greensleeves” Change of key Melodic variation Harmonic variation Rhythmic variation Meter, texture, dynamics, and timbre variations

9. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition III. The Third Movement Form: –Minuet and trio Tempo: –Moderate Triple meter Later: Scherzo

10. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Third Movement (III) Minuet/Trio ||: a :||: b :||: c :||: d :|| a | b | MinuetTrioMinuet ABA (Rounded Binary) alternate ||: a :||: b -a :||

11. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition IV. The Fourth Movement Form options –Sonata-allegro –Rondo Tempo –Allegro molto –Presto finale Fast and light Folk-dance character

12. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Fourth Movement (IV) Rondo Form: A-B-A-B-A, or A-B-A-C-A, or A-B-A-C-A-B-A, etc.

13. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition www.wwnorton.com/enjoy

14. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

15. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 35. Haydn and the Symphony “Can you see the notes behave like waves? Up and down they go! Look, you can also see the mountains. You have to amuse yourself sometimes after being serious so long.”—Joseph Haydn 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 Classical Era 1725-1825 Joseph Haydn 1732-1809 iMusic Example: Haydn’s Symphony No. 100 II

16. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) Austrian composer Folk song and dance St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna Esterházy Patronage –Esterháza Two successful trips to England Died in 1809

17. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Haydn’s Music String quartet 100-plus symphonies –London Symphonies Masses, oratorios

18. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) London Symphony 40-member orchestra III: Allegro molto, minuet form G major

19. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) (Listening Guide) II: Andante (slower tempo), theme and variations Theme in C major Staccato Repeated pianissimo Four variations Coda Slow introduction I: Vivace assai, sonata-allegro form Listening Guide PDF

20. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Haydn: Symphony No. 94 (Surprise) (Listening Guide) III: Allegro molto tempo, minuet form G major, high-spirited and folklike Captures the charm and humor of folk dance IV: Allegro molto, sonata-allegro form III: Allegro molto, minuet form G major Listening Guide PDF

21. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition www.wwnorton.com/enjoy

22. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 10 th Shorter Edition

23. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition 36. Beethoven and the Symphony in Transition Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) German composer and pianist Musical family Unhappy childhood Court musician Played piano for Mozart in Vienna Welcomed to Vienna Treated as equal, not as a servant “Freedom above all!” 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 18101820 Classical Era 1725-1825 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

24. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Modified patronage Concert life and music publishing Hearing loss Eccentric genius Died at age 57, famous and revered Theory of cause of death: lead poisoning 36. Beethoven and the Symphony in Transition

25. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Beethoven’s Music Three compositional periods 1st: Early career 2nd: Middle career, more “Romantic” 3rd: Late career, introspective, chromatic harmonies

26. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Symphonies Nos. 1 and 2, Classical in style No. 3, “Eroica,” mature style –Napoleon dedication Nos. 5 and 7, exhibit universal appeal No. 9, “Choral” Symphony –Schiller’s Ode to Joy Symphony No. 7, II

27. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Concertos, Piano Sonatas, Chamber Music, and Vocal Music Beethoven Piano Sonata No. 8 in c, (Pathétique), I Beethoven, Serenade in D, Op. 8, I Beethoven Quartet in String F, Op. 59, No. 1, I Beethoven King Stephan, Op. 117, final chorus: “Heil unsern Enkeln!” Contributed to many genres

28. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor Rhythmic idea “three shorts and a long” dominates entire work Cyclical form, SSSL recurs in all movements Tonality shifts from C minor to C major

29. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition Beethoven: Symphony No. 5 in C minor (Listening Guide) I: Allegro con brio, sonata-allegro form –“Three shorts and a long” dominates the texture II: Serene double theme and variations –Recurrence of same rhythmic idea III: Scherzo and trio –Rocket theme –Third and fourth movements linked –Recurrence of same rhythmic idea IV: Sonata-allegro form –Recurrence of same rhythmic idea –Extended coda Listening Guide PDF

30. The Enjoyment of Music 10 th, Shorter Edition www.wwnorton.com/enjoy