The Modern period 1914—1945
Modernism Background: - commercialization, industrialization (mass production): threatens individualism; sense of despair - wars: loss of belief and certainty - society is becoming worse - the world is incomprehensible - there are no solutions to problems: more questions than answers - breakdown of traditional values
Characteristics of modern literature (1) Attitude towards what is significant - Antihero vs. hero Gertrude stein: 站在街头无所事事的士兵比在山上英勇冲锋的士兵更值得文学的关注 Focus of description - internal, subjective, psychological world Ulysses: 800 pages about 18 hours
Characteristics of modern literature (2) subject matter: internal consciousness / unconsciousness, antihero; strong sense of loss, alienation, loneliness, rootlessness, fragmentation, anxiety, obscurity, absurdity Stylistic innovations—disruption of traditional syntax and form Techniques: stream-of-consciousness, juxtaposition of fragmentation, ambiguity, uncertainty
Robert Frost (1874-1963) Beloved poet of simple nature lyrics Ambiguity and dread hidden underneath A flawed man with personal tragedy A poet with more than his share of fear
Form & Subject Form: regular iambic meter irregular speech rhythm Subject: confusion fear uncertainty Poetry: “a momentary stay against confusion”
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Interlocking rhyming scheme: aaba, bbcb, ccdc, dddd Deceptively simple: ambiguous Rejection of fascination with the dark trees Strong lure of death Speaker’s hesitation
Design Sonnet: Italian sonnet – octave & sestet with a rime scheme of abba abba cdecde / cdcdcd (14 lines of rhymed iambic pentameter) Rhyming scheme of “Design”: abba abba acaacc Inverted order of traditional sonnet structure White: absence of color, terrifying Final uncertainty about the universe: design or random?
The Tuft of Flowers Interior Monologue with heroic couplet The link between fellow laborers, the kindred spirits of fellow human beings / workers Hint of uncertainty: unpredictable world; accidental hope of finding a means of communication
Mending Wall Blank verse: unrhymed lines of regular iambic pentameter Communication is impossible.
Home Burial Dramatic dialogue between husband and wife Blank verse of irregular stanza length Alienation: great strain in marriage
The Road Not Taken Iambic tetrameter with rime scheme of abaab Simple vernacular language Feeling sorry and sentimental
After Apple-Picking Irregular length of lines and rhymes Interior monologue (vernacular language) Tired of the pressure of doing perfect work Longing for a sleep –a short or long sleep, rest, death?
Birches Join of realism and idealism, reality and ideal He /The birch swinger doesn’t go to heaven but towards heaven.
Assignments Read T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)'s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” Analyze the modernistic elements in the form and content of the poem, such as the narration, images of the character, symbols, themes.