Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars,

An Uncertain Peace: Weaknesses of the League of Nations Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks Germany unable to pay German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end 1923 Dawes Plan Treaty of Locarno, 1925

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The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 Affects European markets Social repercussions Powerlessness of governments

The Democratic States Great Britain Labour Party failed to solve problems Coalition claimed credit for prosperity John Maynard Keynes ( ) Keynes says the government should create jobs France Was the strongest power in Europe Could not solved financial problems Popular Front

The Democratic States (cont) The Scandinavian States Socialist parties Expanded social services High taxes and large bureaucracies The United States Herbert Hoover, ( ) Franklin D. Roosevelt, ( ) New Deal Public Works

The Colonial Empires The Middle East Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia Divided up Ottoman territories India Mahatma. Gandhi peaceful policy of civil disobedience

Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Totalitarianism Most democracies overrun except in France and Britain The modern totalitarian state Active commitment of citizens Mass propaganda techniques High speed communication Led by single leader and single party

Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini ( ) Italians angry over failure to receive territory after WWI Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat) Squadristi (black shirts) March on Rome with the Black Shirts, 1922 Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922 Il Duce

Hitler and Nazi Germany Weimar Germany and the Rise of the Nazis Great Depression Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NAZI) Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923

Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont.) Hitler imprisoned Mein Kampf, (My Struggle) Lebensraum (living space) Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Enabling Act, March 23, 1933 Suspends rights of the people and prevents democratic reforms for 4 years

The Nazi State ( ) Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship Economics and the drop in unemployment The SS (Protection Squad) Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) Aryan racial state Nuremberg laws, September 1935 Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938 Restrictions on Jews

The Soviet Union New Economic Policy Modified capitalism Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established, 1922 Revived economy Lenin suffers strokes, ( ) Division Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin General party secretary

Stalin Era, ( ) First Five Year Plan, 1928 Emphasis on industry Real wages declined Use of propaganda Rapid collectivization of agriculture Famine of ; 10 million peasants died Political control Stalin dictatorship established, 1929 Political purge, ; 8 million arrested

Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure The Roaring Twenties Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe Josephine Baker ( ) Jazz Age Radio and movie influence

Mass Leisure Professional sporting events Travel National recreation agencies Kraft durch Freude in Germany

Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable Political, economic, and social insecurities Radical changes in women’s styles Theodor van de Velde Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd Dadaism Tristan Tzara ( ) Surrealism Salvador Dali ( ) Functional Architecture Bauhaus School in Germany Arnold Schönberg ( )

Literature & Physics Between the Wars The Search for the Unconscious James Joyce ( ), Ulysses Hermann Hesse ( ) Impact of Freud Carl Jung ( ) The “Heroic Age of Physics” Ernest Rutherford ( ), atom could be split Werner Heisenberg ( ), “uncertainty principle”

Discussion Questions What were the causes of the Great Depression? What did France feel it needed for security after the Great War? How does this affect Germany? What were the characteristics of Nazi Germany? What were the characteristics of Stalin’s Soviet Union? Describe the art trends of this period? What were the lasting affects of these trends?

Web Links Great Depression John Maynard Keyes Francisco Franco Benito Mussolini Weimer Republic Adolph Hitler Joseph Stalin Dadaism