1. The West Between the Wars

2. Instability and Uncertainty
Treaty of Versailles left many nations unhappy
League of Nations was weak
Germany could not pay the reparations
Treaty of Lucarno
Kellogg-Briand Pact

3. the great Depression U.S. loans money to Europe
Everywhere is affected, not just the US
Renewed interest in Marxist Ideas
More involvement of the government in economics

4. Rise of totalitarianism
Totalitarian state – government aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
Led by a single leader or party
Everyone is expected to be actively involved in achieving the state’s goals

5. Italy Benito Mussolini Led the Fasciti (Black Shirts)
March on Rome
1926 – outlaws all other political parties; becomes Il Duce

6. Russia
Stalin seizes control after Lenin’s death
Five Year Plans
Collectivization

7. Spain Second Republic set up – soon fails
Francisco Franco led the rebellion
1936 – Spanish Civil War
Franco backed by Germany & Italy; Republic supported by Russia & France

8. Germany – Weimar Republic
Established after World War I
Grew weak because of too many political parties
Ultimately failed to follow through on the promises it made

9. Adolf Hitler Loner, angry, and stubborn
Began to develop his basic social and political ideas while living in Vienna
Extremely nationalistic – fought in the German army
Joined the German Worker’s Party – 1919
1921 – renames it the National Socialist German Worker’s Party - Nazis

10. Hitler Contd.
Beer Hall Putsch – – unsuccessful uprising against the government in Munich
Writes Mein Kampf while in jail
Proposes a new German empire
Struck an emotional chord

11. The Nazi Party Realized they had to take power through legal means
Worked endlessly to spread the party
Appealed to nationalism and militarism
Played on the fear and anger of the German people

12. Rise of the Nazi Regime
By 1932 they were the largest party in the Reichstag
Hitler made Chancellor in 1933
Enabling Act – 1933

13. The Nazi State
Goal: Develop an Aryan racial state that would dominate Europe for generations
Public work projects
Mass marches
Rearmament programs
Social programs: Hitler Youth

14. Night of the Long Knives & Kristallnacht
A purge of Hitler’s political enemies and Nazis that he believed to be disloyal
Kristallnacht – The Night of Broken Glass – 1938
Jewish businesses, synagogues, and other public buildings are attacked and vandalized

15. Nazi Racial Theory
Many ideas about racial superiority had been around for decades – a lot came from the United States
Jews were the main focus of the Nazis
Nuremberg Laws – 1935
Defined who was Jewish
Jews could not be German citizens
Stripped of civil rights
Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans
Required to wear a yellow star of David on their clothes