1. Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

2. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security The French Policy of Coercion, 1919-1924  Enforce the Treaty of Versailles  Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion  Paid in annual installments of 2.5 billion gold marks  Germany unable to pay in 1922  French occupation of the Ruhr Valley  German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923  Communist uprisings, October 1923

3. Hopeful Years, 1924-1929  Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)  Dawes Plan, August 1924  Treaty of Locarno, 1925  German entry into League of Nations, March 1926  Diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia The Great Depression  Problems in domestic economies  International financial crisis  Crash of the American stock market, October 1929  Affects European markets

4. The Democratic States Great Britain  Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937), Labour  Stanley Baldwin (1867-1947), Conservative  National Government  John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)  Public works funded by the government France  Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934)  Cartel of the Left  February riots, 1934  Popular Front

5. The Scandinavian Example  Social Democratic governments The United States  Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933  Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945  100 days  New Deal  World War II ends the depression

6. The Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States Birth of Fascism  Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)  Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919  Support from middle class industrialists and large landowners  Growth of the socialist  Squadristi, armed Fascists  Terrorist activities  Election successes, May 1921

7.  Fascist organizations  Role of women in the Fascist society  Lateran Accords, February 1929  Fascist School Charter, 1939  All parties outlawed, 1926  Fascist government  Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922  March on Rome, 1922

8. Hitler and Nazi Germany  Weimar Germany  No leaders  Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925  Inability to change old ideas  Hostility to the Weimar Republic  Economic difficulties  Inflation  Unemployment

9.  Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)  Vienna  Munich  German Workers’ Party  National Socialist German Workers’ Party, 1921  Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops  Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923  Mein Kampf, My Struggle  Lebensraum (living space)

10.  Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970)  Paramilitary majority  Emergency decrees  Nazi party second largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election  Support from right-wing elites  Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933  Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933  Successes in 1933 election  Enabling Act, March 23, 1933  Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control  President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

11.  The Nazi State, 1933-1939  Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship  Economics  German Labor Front  Heinrich Himmler and the SS  Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control  Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens)

12.  Aryan racial state  Nuremberg laws, September 1935  Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938  Restrictions on Jews  Influence of Nazi ideas on working women Soviet Russia  New Economic Policy  Modified capitalism  Revived economy  Lenin suffers strokes, 1922-1924  Division  Leon Trotsky  Joseph Stalin  General party secretary

13. Stalin Era, 1929-1939  First Five Year Plan, 1928  Transformation from agricultural society to industrial  Social and political costs of industrialization  Rapid collectivization of agriculture  Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died  Political control  Stalin dictatorship established, 1929  Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested

14. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula  General Miguel Primo de Rivera leads a military coup against Alfonso XIII, 1886-1931, in 1923 and creates a dictatorship – ends 1930  Spanish Republic proclaimed in 1931  Popular Front, 1936  Military revolts under General Francisco Franco, 1936  Aid of Germany and Italy  Falange

15. Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure Radio and Movies  Mass forms of communication and entertainment  Used for political purposes  Nazis encourage cheap radios  Triumph of the Will, 1934 Mass Leisure  Professional sporting events  Travel  National recreation agencies  Dopolavoro in Italy  Kraft durch Freude in Germany

16. Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years Political, economic, and social insecurities Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music  Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)  Dadaism  Salvador Dali (1904-1989)  Surrealism  Architecture  Louis H. Sullivan (1856-1924)  Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959)  Walter Gropius (1883-1969)  Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951  Tonality abandoned

17. Search for the Unconscious  James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses  Virginia Woolf (1882-1942)  Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)  Carl Jung (1856-1961) The Heroic Age of Physics  Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split  Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)