1. Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability:
Europe Between the Wars,

2. Timeline

3. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion
Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks
Germany unable to pay in 1922
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923
The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929)
Dawes Plan, 1924
Treaty of Locarno, 1925
Coexistence with Soviet Union

4. The Little Entente

5. The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
Affects European markets
Unemployment
Social Repercussions
Powerlessness of Governments

6. The Democratic States Great Britain France The United States
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition claimed credit for prosperity
John Maynard Keynes ( )
Keynes says the government should create jobs
France
Was the strongest power in Europe
Could not solved financial problems
Popular Front
The United States
Herbert Hoover, ( )
Franklin D. Roosevelt, ( )
New Deal
Public works projects
World War II ends the depression

7. European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa
The Middle East
Division of Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
India
Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience
Africa
Britain and France awarded German colonies
Protest movements

8. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Totalitarianism
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies
The modern totalitarian state
Active commitment of citizens
Mass propaganda techniques
High speed communication
Led by single leader and single party

9. Fascist Italy Impact of World War I Birth of Fascism
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I
Birth of Fascism
Benito Mussolini ( )
Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919
Growth of the socialist
Squadristi, armed Fascists
Fascist movement gains support from industrialists
March on Rome, 1922
Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922

10. Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
Fascist Government
All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established
Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
Young Fascists
Family is the pillar of the state
Never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
Lateran Accords, February 1929

11. Hitler and Nazi Germany
Weimar Germany
No leaders
Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925
Great Depression
The Emergence of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler ( )
Vienna
Lanz von Liebenfels
Munich
The Rise of the Nazis
German Workers’ Party
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921
Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops

12. Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont)
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923
Hitler imprisoned
Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)
Lebensraum (living space)
Reorganization of the party
New strategies
Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election
Support from right-wing elites
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
Successes in 1933 election
Enabling Act, March 23, 1933
Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

13. The Nazi State (1933-1939) Parliamentary republic dismantled
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship
Constant rivalry gives Hitler power
Economics and the drop in unemployment
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens)
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
Aryan Racial State
Nuremberg laws, September 1935
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
Restrictions on Jews

14. The Soviet Union New Economic Policy
Modified capitalism
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922
Revived economy
Lenin suffers strokes, ( )
Division
Leon Trotsky
Joseph Stalin
General Party Secretary

15. The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939) Rapid collectivization of agriculture
First Five Year Plan, 1928
Emphasis on industry
Real wages declined
Use of propaganda
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
Famine of ; 10 million peasants died
Political Control
Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
Political purge, ; 8 million arrested

16. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions
Greece became a republic
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
Problems
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form
Rural and agrarian society
Ethnic conflicts

17. Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923)
The Spanish Civil War
The Popular Front
General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975)
Foreign intervention
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
The Franco Regime
Traditional, conservative, dictatorship
Portugal
Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)

18. Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
The Roaring Twenties
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
Josephine Baker ( )
Jazz Age

19. Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment
Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920
BBC, 1926
Movies
Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
Stars became subjects of adoration
Marlene Dietrich
Used for political purposes
Nazis encourage cheap radios
Triumph of the Will, 1934

20. Mass Leisure Sports Tourism
Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
Dopolavoro in Italy
Kraft durch Freude in Germany

21. Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
Political, economic, and social insecurities
Radical changes in women’s styles
Theodor van de Velde
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd
Dadaism
Tristan Tzara ( )
Surrealism
Salvador Dali ( )
Functionalism in Modern Architecture
Bauhaus School in Germany

22. Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont)
A Popular Audience
Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera
Art in Totalitarian Regimes
Art in service of the state
A New Style in Music
Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951)

23. Literature & Physics Between the Wars
The Search for the Unconscious
James Joyce ( ), Ulysses
Hermann Hesse ( )
Impact of Freud
Carl Jung ( )
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
Ernest Rutherford ( ), atom could be split
Werner Heisenberg ( ), “uncertainty principle”

24. Discussion Questions
How would you define fascism? How was fascism different from traditional authoritarianism?
What were the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar democracy?
Compare and contrast Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany. What did the two states have in common?
What anxieties were reflected in the cultural and intellectual trends of the interwar period?

25. Web Links Italian Life under Fascism
The History Place: The Rise of Adolf Hitler
Life in the USSR under Stalin
Joseph Stalin: Biographical Chronicle
The World of Kurt Weill
bauhaus-archiv: Museum of Design