The Scientific Revolution Was it really a revolution? chapter 16

Man and Ideas The Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment challenged and changed the way people thought about the world.

The Old and The New Worlds Superstitious? Black Cat Ladder Science = Magic = Alchemy It was called Natural Philosophy not science

Scientific Revolution Was it really a revolution? Were people in places outside of Europe thinking about science and knowledge?

Knowledge BEFORE the Scientific Revolution

Natural Philosophies of Old All the heavenly regions were perfect, unchanging, and utterly different from the terrestrial region below the moon, where any mov’t was in a straight line, unlike the circular heavenly mov’ts

Natural Philosophies of Old the physical universe was hierarchical, as was the human. Lowest on the scale was the element earth. In ascending order, with less of the earth and more or the lighter elements in their make-up, were beings with vegetable, animal, and rational (human) souls. From the moon’s sphere upward, a hierarchy of angels, with spiritual souls, moved the heavenly spheres, with God above ala.

Natural Philosophies of Old A motionless earth was the center of the universe. It was surrounded by water, beyond which was an envelope of air, in turn ringed by fire. In it, the four elements of earth, water, air, and fire existed everywhere as varied mixtures.

Knowledge AFTER the Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution There is no doubt A very significant and basic change in thinking about and observing the natural world did occur

Scientific Revolution Not only did the information base change but more importantly, the mindset of educated Europeans underwent radical changes

Scientific Revolution Changes in mindset = disturbing changes in society it produced highly useful knowledge of natural world but intertwined with new technologies it contributed to the dangerously wasteful exploitation of natural resources

Scientific Revolution Changes in mindset = disturbing changes in society it laid foundations for ways of preserving, extending, and increasing comfort of human life BUT it also put into human hands the ability to destroy all life antibiotics to atomic bombs

Scientific Revolution Two practices emerged: 1. Using reason: deductive method- associated with Descartes 2. collecting facts by observation and experimentation: inductive method - associated with Francis Bacon

What were some of the most significant changes during this era?

Scientific Revolution Astronomy shift from belief in fundamental differences of matter on earth than that in the heavens to knowledge of universal laws of motion valid throughout the universe

Scientific Revolution Anatomy shift from Greek physician Galan’s belief in “humors” or forces within the body to Vesalius’ hands-on dissection of human corpses, as well as Harvey’s experiments in animal vivisection and his measurement of heart’s capacity to pump blood

Scientific Revolution Mathematics shift from use of Roman numerals to full use of Indian/Arabic numerals with the zero, logarithms, coordinates, calculus, probability theory, etc

Scientific Revolution Chemistry shift from use of the four elements (earth, water, air, fire) to use of new table of 33 elements, decomposed water into newly discovered oxygen and hydrogen

Scientific Revolution All of this led to abandoning ideas of what was authority It brought about new ideas for a changing society Skepticism reigns supreme

What your history textbooks say about the causes of the Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution What events led to this shift? 1) Black Death 2) Weakening of Catholic Church’s dominance 3) Success of Protestant Reformation with a splintering of Christendom into multiple denominations - all claiming to be the one true way to salvation 4) Devastating religious wars involving most of Europe which raged from 1550s to 1648 (Treaty of __________?) 5) Exploration and new information, societies, items brought to light 6) Colonization of new societies due to Age of Exploration

Beyond the history textbooks

What influenced science and how and when....

A chronology Arabic numerals, including the zero were developed in India. They were introduced to the Muslim world in teh 800s. Translated into Latin in the early twelfth century, the numbering system was introduced to Italy by a trader’s son who had been sent to North Africa to learn mathematics around Zero did not come into widespread use in Europe until the seventeenth century.

A chronology Knowledge of paper making reached Islam through Chinese prisoners of war in the 900s The first European paper mill operated in Italy in 1276

A chronology 800s and 900s, Muslim authors were commenting on original Greek works of mathematicians, scientists, and philosophers It wouldn’t be until 1100 that Spainish scholars translated those works to Latin and Europeans began to comment on those Greek works

A chronology the mariners’ compass was introduced to Islam from China in by the end of the 1100s the Christian salors were introduced to the compass technology

A chronology 1300s Repeated decrees by various religious authorities forbidding the teaching of particular books or topics in universities were not successful. While accepting the supremacy of the Church, some scholars claimed that the spheres fo religion and science were separate. “It is not the task of the Bible to teach us the nature of things: this belongs to philosophy”

A chronology 1300s Cannons were used by Muslims and European armies and by 1400s their use had spread widely, increasing demand for iron and for ways to calculate the trajectory of cannonballs

A chronology 1400s Humanism emerges in the commercial inhabitants of north Italian city- states. By focusing more on human achievement in this world rather than salvation in the next, humanists began to strongly advocate for education

A chronology 1400s Arabs take over Constantinople. They are the new middle men in the Asian spice trade 1550 Catholic church weakens 1500s Renaissance artists studied anatomy and optics to help represent their subjects accurately - linear perspective (more like engineers than artists)

A chronology 1450s invention of moveable type, printing press 1400s new ship designs 1400s increasingly accurate maps 1492 Columbus by 1500s scholars using mathematics not only to describe, but to explain the workings of the physical world

A chronology 1500s 1600s number of travelers increases with voyages of discovery. explorers, govt officials, adventures, merchants, mercenaries and scientists visited faraway places on ships armed with cannon. many wrote about their experiences, describing previously unknown lands, plants, animals, and peoples radically different

A chronology By 1750 “philosophical societies” dedicated to research, experiment, and publication of results were regular features of many towns in Europe

The significant individuals

Roger Bacon although only an amateur scientist in his own right, helped to create a climate conducive to scientific work. He encouraged people to develop their own power and ability rather than depending on knowledge from the past. He was the father of empiricism and inductive reasoning. He linked science to material progress, which has continued to be a goal of Western thought and education. Roger Bacon

Copernicus. Copernicus. Early astronomer Ptolemy - geocentric theory - Earth centered. Sun and planets revolve around Earth. Early astronomer Ptolemy - geocentric theory - Earth centered. Sun and planets revolve around Earth. 1500s. Copernicus argued sun center of universe - heliocentric theory. 1500s. Copernicus argued sun center of universe - heliocentric theory. Copernicus

Johannes Kepler. Johannes Kepler. Used math to prove Copernicus was right Used math to prove Copernicus was right Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei Invented telescope. Saw mts valleys of moon; rings of Saturn. Invented telescope. Saw mts valleys of moon; rings of Saturn. Church took him to trail. Forced to recant his words. Church took him to trail. Forced to recant his words. Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Law of universal gravitation. Law of universal gravitation. Laws of motion. Laws of motion. Radical change to social ideas. Major mov’ts on earth did not necessarily involve God. Radical change to social ideas. Major mov’ts on earth did not necessarily involve God.

French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes Father of idea that you must prove, through scientific experimentation all theories Father of idea that you must prove, through scientific experimentation all theories “I think therefore I am” (clear, orderly progression of logical reasoning) “I think therefore I am” (clear, orderly progression of logical reasoning) People must rely on their own reason to understand life and the natural order of things _Everything must be judged by asking what is humanly reasonable

Harvey- heart studied blood circulation throughout the human body Wm Harvey

Scientific Revolution Robert Boyle Robert Boyle Father of modern science of Chemistry Father of modern science of Chemistry

Scientific Revolution Where does all this new knowledge lead man?

1. Copernicus 2. Galileo Galilei 3. Johannes Kepler 4. Issac Newton 5. Rene Descartes 6. Francis Bacon 7. Robert Boyle 8. William Harvey