Industrial Revolution 12. 1 – The Industrial Revolution Begins

What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a major change in industry Change from Agriculture to manufacturing Change from manual labor to manufactured goods

How did the Industrial Revolution Begin? With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution. All countries must have land, labor, capital, and a stable government in order to become industrialized

The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended on many factors, including government policy. Governments in Belgium, France, and the German states supported industrialization and provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads. When the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link East and West.

Factors in Great Britain becoming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution: Agricultural practices became more efficient, producing more food at lower prices. The enclosure movement caused many peasants to move to towns, increasing the labor supply.

Figure 1a

The wealthy merchant class of Britain had a ready supply of capital to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Entrepreneurs devised new business methods and ways to make profits. Britain had plentiful natural resources, such as water, coal, and iron ore. Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for goods.

Change in the Textile Industry Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton cloth was produced using the cottage industry New technological advances, such as the spinning jenny and flying shuttle, gave Britain an advantage in producing inexpensive cotton goods. The cotton industry became more productive when Scottish engineer James Watt modified his steam engine to drive machinery. The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution, leading to an expansion of the coal and iron industries.

Changes in Transportation Railroads were a key component of the Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing economic growth. Railroad expansion caused a ripple effect in the economy: Building railroads new jobs Less expensive transportation  lower priced goods  larger markets More sales  more factories  more machinery

Life During the Industrial Revolution Many people moved to the cities in search for jobs Cities became overcrowded, dirty, disease-ridden, and full of poverty The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of the middle class and working class. Middle class = business owners, managers, etc. Lower class = factory workers Industrial capitalism rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle class that built the factories, bought the machinery, and developed the markets

Working Conditions of the Lower Class Laissez- faire capitalism allowed for business owners to take advantage of their workers – no laws regulating business practices Women and children went to work to support their families – cheaper to pay Worked long hours (12-16 hours/day) Worked 6 days a week No overtime Low wages Unsafe machinery No unemployment No social security or workers compensation Dangerous working conditions *Read pp. 384-386 in textbook for more descriptions about working conditions

Living Conditions of Working Class Workers often lived in crowded, run down tenement homes Lived with more than one family Disease spread easily Dirty – no sanitation systems Pollution – housing close to factories

The Second Industrial Revolution 13.1 The Second Industrial Revolution

Beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution Second wave of industrialization occurred in the late 1800s 1st Industrial Revolution – textiles, railroads, iron, and coal 2nd Industrial Revolution – electricity, chemicals, oil, steel Prices for produced goods decreased as a result of lower production and transportation costs. The assembly line allowed for more efficient mass production of goods.

A World Economy Develops Became a world economy – countries trading with each other and relying on goods Industrialization divided Europe Western Europe was industrialized Southeastern Europe and Spain remained agricultural Provided food and raw materials for industrialized nations, but had a lower standard of living

New Inventions Bessemer Process – Henry Bessemer Electricity Cheaper, faster way to produce steel – replaced iron Electricity Light bulb – Thomas Edison Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell Radio – Guglielmo Marconi Internal combustion engine Airplane – Wright Brothers Assembly Line – Henry Ford

Effects on the Working Class Industrialization gave some a higher standard of living, but struggling workers turned to trade unions or socialism to improve their lives. Some reformers of the capitalist society wanted a better environment for the working class. More radical reformers wanted to abolish capitalism in favor of socialism. Socialism – economic system where government owns the means of production (businesses), allowing wealth to be distributed more equally Everyone shares – take only what you need

Marxism (Communism) Marx believed that the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society, run by a dictatorship form of government. In many European nations, working-class leaders formed socialist parties based on Marx’s ideas, but were divided on their goals. Pure Marxists wanted revolution to defeat capitalism, while revisionists argued that political gains were the key to change. To improve their conditions, workers organized into unions for better working conditions and used strikes as their bargaining tool