8th Grade Science Introduction to Physical Science Chapter 1 8th Grade Science Introduction to Physical Science

What is Physical Science? Physical science is the study of ______, ______ and the ______ they undergo. _______ - anything that takes up _______ and has _____ ________ - is the ability to do _____ or cause ________. Physical science is divided into two main areas: __________ and __________. Matter energy changes Matter space mass Energy work change chemistry physica

Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the ______________ and how ________ In chemistry we will learn about : ` _____________________ ___________________________________ properties of matter matter changes Particles that make up matter Why different forms of matter have different properties Changes that occur in matter – physical and chemical

Physics Physics is the study of _______ and _______ and how they interact. in physics we will learn about: ________ __________________________ ______________ __________________ matter energy Motion forces The relationship between motion and forces Forms of energy Laws that govern energy

Scientist Skills Scientist s use the skills of ________, _______, and _______ to lean more about the natural world. ________ - using one or more senses to gather information. _________________ - are descriptions that don’t involve numbers or measurements _________________ - measurements including ______ and _______ = DATA or EVIDENCE observing inferring predicting observing Qualitative observations Quantitative observations height weight

Inferring / Predicting _______ - based on _______ from what you already know. ________ - when you explain or interpret your observations _______ are not always correct. _________ - a ________of what will happen in the future based on past ________ or __________. ______ - not based on any data Inferring reasoning Inferences Inferences Prediction forecast experience evidence Guess

Scientific Inquiry ___________ - different ways that scientists use to study the natural world. Ongoing process of _______ in science First step in scientific inquiry is ___________!!!! Other habits of mind include: _______- reporting observations truthfully ______________ - accepting new and different ideas _________ - doubtful about information presented with out evidence ________-coming up with new ways to solve problems Scientific Inquiry discovery CURIOUSITY Honesty Open-mindedness skepticism creativity

Process of Inquiry The process that scientists use to solve problems include: ________________ _________________ ______________________ _______________ _______________________ Posing a Question Developing a hypothesis Designing an experiment Collecting and interpreting data Drawing conclusions Communicating ideas and results

Posing a Question Scientific Inquiry cannot answer questions based on _________, _________, or _________!!!!! Scientific questions can be answered by ______________, ___________, and __________________ Is running a better sport than swimming? Does running make your muscles stronger than swimming? Scientific Inquiry based question!!! Which brand of running shoes looks best? opinions values judgments Making observations Collecting data Providing supporting evidence

Developing a Hypothesis Scientific Inquiry moves forward when ______ can be _________. __________ - possible ________ to a scientific question or an __________ for a set of _________. Hypothesis is NOT a _____ - one possible way to answer a question Hypothesis must be _________ by _________ or ___________!!!! Many ________ are needed before a hypothesis can be accepted as true ideas tested hypothesis answer explanation observations fact TESTABLE OBSERVATION EXPERIMENT trials

Designing an Experiment / Variables _______ - factors that can change in an experiment In a well designed experiment only ONE variable is PURPOSELY changed!!!! ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is CHANGED!!! ________________ or _______________ - the variable that is expected to change because of the manipulated variable. variables Manipulated Variable Independent Variable Responding Variable Dependent Variable

Controlled Variables / Experiment To be sure that changes in the _____________ are causing the changes in the ______________, scientists ONLY change ONE variable at a time. ALL other variables are kept ________ = _______ _______________ - an experiment in which ALL variables except ONE are kept constant Manipulated Variable Responding Variable Controlled Constant Controlled Experiment

Analyze the Data - page 13 (1-5)

Collecting Data _______ - the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations _________ - an organized way to collect and record observations ___________ = qualitative or quantitative ________ = qualitative or quantitative Qualitative data – recorded in a _______ or _____ data Data table observations data journal Log

Quantitative Data / Interpreting data Scientists make it easier to _______ quantitative data by using the same system of measurement called the __________________ - meters, grams, liter, celcius Skills Handbook – Page 778 After data is collected it must be _________ or _______ - graphs reveal ______ or _______ share International System of Units (SI) interpreted explained trends patterns

Conclusions / Communicating After scientists _________ their data, they draw a _______ about their _______. __________ - states whether or not the ______ support the __________ ____________ - sharing ideas and conclusions with others through _________ or ________ Others can ______ the experiment to check the ______ interpret conclusion hypothesis conclusion data hypothesis Communicating speaking writing repeat results

Scientific Method Objective--purpose Hypothesis--educated guess Test--experiment Data--information Conclusion--answer Theory--general explanation Law—proven theory

Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Models / Laws ______________ - a picture, diagram, computer image, or other representation of an ________ or _______. Scientific models are used when it is impossible to observe certain objects or scientific process due to size and/or distance ___________ - statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of ________ - “A RULE OF NATURE” Scientific model object process Scientific laws conditions

Laws versus Theories ______ - has been verified over and over again _________ pattern in nature without trying to _________ it. ___________ - a well tested ___________ for a wide range of ___________ or _______________. __________ - only when there is a large body of evidence to support it _______________ - future evidence does not support it laws observed explain Scientific Theory explanation Experimental results observations accepted Modified or discarded

Law of Gravity vs. Atomic Theory

Science Lab Safety Lab Safety Contract

Technology vs. Science __________ - a way of _______ the natural world to meet human needs to solve a problem. _________ - study of the natural world in order to ________ it. __________ - someone who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve a practical problems. technology changing science understand Engineer

Technology Design Process Engineers follow a _______________ - a set of steps – to solve a problem. ___________-clearly define problem _______________ - gather information ____________ - best design meets the needs with fewest negative characteristics ____________________ - working model ___________________ - analyze a design __________________ - share accomplishments Technology Design Process Identify a need Research the problem Design a solution Build and evaluate a prototype Trouble shoot and redesign Communicate the solution

Technology Design Process Vocab. ____________ - process in which a group of members freely suggest any creative solutions that come to mind _________ - a factor that limits or restricts a design ________ - exchange in which one benefit is given up in order to obtain another. ________ - a working model used to test a design Brainstorming Constraint Trade-off Prototype

Technology Systems – page 26 _________ - made of parts that work together Technological systems include: ______ - purpose ________ - something that is put into the system to achieve the goal ________ - a sequence of actions that the system undergoes ________ - result or product ________ - information a system uses to monitor the input, process, and output so that the system can adjust itself to meet the goal Systems goal input Process output feedback

Technology and Society Evaluate one technological advance from the Stone Age through today. Include both positive and negative effects of the advance. Analyze risk versus benefits. One page essay – Four paragraphs 1 – introduction 2 – Positive effects / benefits to society 3 – Negative effects / risks to society 4 – Conclusion –Are we better off?